The surge in COVID-19 cases leading to hospitalizations around the world quickly depleted hospital resources and reserves, forcing physicians to make extremely difficult life-or-death decisions on ventilator allocation between patients. Leaders in academia and industry have developed numerous ventilator support systems using both consumer- and industry-grade hardware to sustain life and to provide intermediate respiratory relief for hospitalized patients. This book is the first of its kind to discuss the respiratory pathophysiology underlying COVID-19, explain ventilator mechanics, provide and evaluate a repository of innovative ventilator support devices conceived amid the pandemic, and explain both hardware and software components necessary to develop an inexpensive ventilator support device. This book serves both as a historical record of the collaborative and innovative response to the anticipated ventilator shortage during the COVID-19 pandemic and as a guide for physicians, engineers, and DIY'ers interested in developing inexpensive transitory ventilator support devices.
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1 Establishment of the Bridge Ventilator Consortium |
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1 | (4) |
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PART I Lung Physiology and Ventilator Basics |
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2 An Overview of Lung Anatomy and Physiology |
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5 | (20) |
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3 Respiratory Mechanics and Ventilation |
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25 | (6) |
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4 Mechanical Ventilators and Monitors: An Abridged Guide for Engineers |
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31 | (22) |
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5 An Overview of Mechanical Ventilation and Development of the UC San Diego MADVent |
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53 | (20) |
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6 An Introduction to Noninvasive Ventilation |
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73 | (6) |
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7 Noninvasive Ventilation and Mechanical Ventilation to Treat COVID-19-Induced Respiratory Failure |
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79 | (12) |
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PART II SARS CoV-2 Transmission and Innovative Protective Barriers |
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8 COVID-19 Pathophysiology and COVID-19-Induced Respiratory Failure |
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91 | (12) |
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9 Spread of COVID-19 and Personal Protective Equipment |
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103 | (12) |
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10 An Overview of Personal Protective Equipment and Disinfection |
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115 | (10) |
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PART III Bridge Ventilator Design and Components |
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11 What Is a Bridge Ventilator? Basic Requirements, the Bag Valve Mask, and the Breathing Circuit |
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125 | (4) |
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12 Hardware Considerations |
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129 | (8) |
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13 Software Considerations |
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137 | (8) |
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14 Development of Emergency Resuscitators: Considerations for Mechanical and Electrical Components |
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145 | (8) |
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15 Incorporating Patient Assist Mode: The ABBU Experience |
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153 | (6) |
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16 A Qualitative Overview of Emergency Resuscitators Approved in the COVID-19 Pandemic |
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159 | (20) |
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PART IV Regulatory Factors and Device Testing |
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17 Innovation and Regulation: The FDA's Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic |
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179 | (6) |
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18 Regulatory Considerations for Bridge Ventilators |
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185 | (12) |
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19 Human Factors Considerations in the User Interface Design of Bridge Ventilator Devices |
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197 | (16) |
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20 Preclinical Animal Testing of Emergency Resuscitator Breathing Devices |
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213 | (10) |
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PART V Pandemic Innovations |
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21 Multiplex Ventilation: Requirements and Feasibility of Ventilator Splitters |
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223 | (10) |
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22 CPAP-to-Ventilator: Open-Source Documentation, UC Irvine |
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233 | (10) |
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23 Alternatives to Conventional Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation Devices |
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243 | (8) |
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24 Development of an Inexpensive Noninvasive Ventilation Hood |
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251 | (6) |
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25 Collaborations and Accomplishments Among the Bridge Ventilator Consortium Teams |
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257 | (6) |
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| Index |
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263 | |
Amir A. Hakimi, MD, is a resident in the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery at Medstar Georgetown University Hospital. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Neuroscience at the University of California, Los Angeles. He then graduated from Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. During medical school, he became involved in clinical and translational research under the mentorship of Dr. Brian Wong. Dr. Hakimi has published numerous articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals and he developed a medical application for the iPhone to expedite the diagnosis of ocular injury.
Thomas E. Milner, Ph.D., is Director of the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic and Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery at the University of California Irvine. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the Colorado School of Mines, and his Ph.D. from the University of Arizona. Dr. Milner's research interests are in the fields of optical-based therapeutics and diagnostic imaging, biomedical optics sensors, and optical tomography. He has published more than 180 journal articles, holds 55 issued U.S. patents and has started two technology companies. Dr. Milner is a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and the American Society for Lasers in Medicine and Surgery.
Govind R. Rajan, MBBS, is an anesthesiologist in Orange, CA, and is affiliated with the UC Irvine Medical Center. He received his medical degree from Maulana Azad Medical College and has been in practice for 29 years. He also speaks multiple languages, including Hindi. He specializes in critical care medicine.
Brian J-F Wong, MD, Ph.D., is Professor and Director of the Division of Facial Plastic Surgery in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at University of California Irvine Medical Center. Dr. Wongs clinical practice is based at both UC Irvine Medical Center and the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic. He graduated Summa cum Laude with a bachelors degree in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Southern California and earned his medical degree from Johns Hopkins University. He also studied engineering at Oxford University as a Rotary Foundation Scholar and medical physics at the University of Amsterdam. Dr. Wongs research interests are in the field of biomedical engineering with specific interests in medical device development and laser applications in medicine. He has more than 100 publications, and his research is funded by the National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense, and the Health Science Partners.
