List of Illustrations |
|
xii | |
About the Author |
|
xiii | |
Acknowledgements |
|
xiv | |
|
|
1 | (14) |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
Starting Points: Shaping, Mirroring and Representing |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
The Communications Process |
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
Transmitters, Receivers and Noise |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Who Says What in Which Channel to Whom With What Effect? |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
Linear and One-Dimensional |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
Elements of Media in Socio-Cultural Context |
|
|
9 | (3) |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Media, Identity and Culture |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
12 | (3) |
Part One: Elements Of Media |
|
15 | (82) |
|
|
17 | (20) |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
18 | (4) |
|
McLuhan: The Medium is the Message |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
|
20 | (2) |
|
Technological Determinism |
|
|
22 | (5) |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Generalisation and Reification |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Technologies and Social Contexts |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
Capacities and Constraints |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
27 | (3) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
The Internet as Solution to or Cause of Social Ills |
|
|
30 | (4) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
Isolation and Superficiality |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
Digital Technologies in Context |
|
|
31 | (3) |
|
|
34 | (3) |
|
|
37 | (20) |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
38 | (5) |
|
|
39 | (3) |
|
Concentration of Ownership = Concentration of Ideas? |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
The Bottom Line: Sources of Revenue |
|
|
43 | (3) |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Payments Between Media Companies |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
Governments and Regulation |
|
|
48 | (4) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Regulation to Support Industry: Copyright |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Conclusion: Economic Determinism? |
|
|
52 | (5) |
|
|
57 | (20) |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
Media Texts as Arrangements of Signs |
|
|
58 | (7) |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Narrative, Genre and Discourse Analysis |
|
|
65 | (3) |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
From Quality to Quantity: Content Analysis |
|
|
68 | (5) |
|
'Objective, Systematic and Quantitative' |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Gerbner and Television Violence |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Limitations of Content Analysis |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
Conclusion: Putting Texts into Context |
|
|
73 | (4) |
|
|
77 | (20) |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
US Empirical Traditions of Audience Research |
|
|
78 | (7) |
|
|
78 | (3) |
|
Limited Effects and Two-Step Flow |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Functionalist and Complacent? |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
Cultural Studies: Dominant and Oppositional Readings and Beyond |
|
|
85 | (6) |
|
Encoding, Decoding and Preferred Meanings |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
Social Context and Differential Readings |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Audiences as Producers of Meaning |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Ethnographies of Audiences, Fans and Users |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
Digital Participatory Culture? |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Conclusion: An Uncritical Celebration? |
|
|
91 | (6) |
Part Two: Media, Power And Control |
|
97 | (104) |
|
6 Media as Manipulation? Marxism and Ideology |
|
|
99 | (20) |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
Marxism and Ideology: Basics |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
The Culture Industry as Mass Deception |
|
|
101 | (4) |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
|
105 | (3) |
|
Beyond Marx's Materialism |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Consumerist Myths |
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
Political Economy and Ideology |
|
|
108 | (4) |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Cultural Imperialism as Globalisation of Ideology |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
Political Economic versus Cultural Approaches |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
Complex Communication Flows and Consumer Resistance |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
Conclusion: Avoiding Easy Dismissals |
|
|
114 | (5) |
|
7 The Construction of News |
|
|
119 | (20) |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
Selection, Gate-Keeping and Agenda Setting |
|
|
121 | (4) |
|
|
121 | (3) |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Major Terrorist Attack Stories |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (3) |
|
Differences Between Outlets |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Style and Market Position |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
Similarities: Back to Bias and Ideology? |
|
|
129 | (5) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
The Powerful Influencing the Powerful |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
Infotainment and the persuit of clicks |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
Conclusion: Signs of Hope? |
|
|
134 | (5) |
|
8 Public Service or Personal Entertainment? Controlling Media Orientation |
|
|
139 | (22) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Public Service Broadcasting |
|
|
140 | (5) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Contrasting PSB Arrangements |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Developing PSB Principles |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
Censorship: Preventing Harm and Offence |
|
|
145 | (6) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
146 | (2) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Preventing Harm or Inhibiting Freedom? |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
Commercial Competition and Consumer Choice |
|
|
151 | (5) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
US Broadcasting: A Free Market Model |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
Digitalisation and the Decline of Regulation |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
154 | (2) |
|
Conclusion: A Rosy Commercial Future? |
|
|
156 | (5) |
|
9 Advertising: Emergence, Expansion and Transformation |
|
|
161 | (20) |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
The Development of Advertising |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
Growth and Professionalisation |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
Post-Fordism, Niche Markets and Branding |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
Modes of Persuasion: From Information and Use to Symbols and Identity |
|
|
164 | (4) |
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Shifting Yet Mixed Approaches |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Advertising in the Digital Age |
|
|
168 | (5) |
|
Challenges to 'Traditional' Advertising |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
A New Era of Advertising? |
|
|
169 | (4) |
|
Critical Perspectives on Advertising |
|
|
173 | (4) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
Interactive or Co-optive? |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Conclusion: Ubiquitous Commercialism |
|
|
177 | (4) |
|
10 Media and the Public Sphere: Digitalisation, Commercialisation and Fragmentation |
|
|
181 | (20) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Media and the Public Sphere |
|
|
182 | (3) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Media and Public Engagement |
|
|
183 | (2) |
|
Nation as Imagined Community |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
Decline of the Public Sphere |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
From Facilitators to Shapers |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Commercially Driven Content |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (8) |
|
Online Participation and Democracy |
|
|
188 | (2) |
|
Enduring Power Differentials |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (3) |
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
Conclusion: Decline of the National Public |
|
|
196 | (5) |
Part Three: Media, Identity And Culture |
|
201 | (80) |
|
11 Media, Community and Difference: From Mass Stigmatisation to Grassroots Identity Groups |
|
|
203 | (18) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Media as Eroder of Difference |
|
|
204 | (3) |
|
Homogenisation and Atomisation |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Individualisation as De-Differentiation |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
Stigmatising (and Amplifying) Difference |
|
|
207 | (3) |
|
Poverty Porn? A Stigmatised Underclass |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Folk Devils, Moral Panics and Labelling |
|
|
208 | (2) |
|
|
210 | (3) |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Niche Media and Interest Groupings |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
Participatory Media and DIY Community |
|
|
213 | (4) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Online Micro-Communication |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (2) |
|
Social Network Sites: Community or De-Differentiation? |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Conclusion: Communities or Loose Affinities? |
|
|
217 | (4) |
|
12 Media, Race and Ethnicity |
|
|
221 | (22) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
|
224 | (5) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Stereotypical Representations |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
The Reproduction of Subordination |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
Promoting 'Positive' Images |
|
|
229 | (3) |
|
Reversing Stereotypes of Passivity |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Successful, Well-Adjusted, Integrated |
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
The Burden of Representation |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Hybridity, Diaspora and Transnationalism |
|
|
232 | (3) |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
235 | (3) |
|
Newspapers, Film and Global Bollywood |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Ethnic and Transnational Specialisation in the Digital Era |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
Conclusion: Empowerment or Ghettoisation? |
|
|
238 | (5) |
|
13 Media, Gender and Sexuality |
|
|
243 | (22) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Constructions of Femininity |
|
|
244 | (6) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Patriarchal Romance and Domesticity |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Post-Feminist Independence? |
|
|
247 | (3) |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (2) |
|
|
252 | (4) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
Identifying Agency, Remaining Critical |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
Masculinity or Masculinities? |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
Contradictory Representations: Lads and Beyond |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (3) |
|
Conclusion: A Balanced Approach |
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
14 Saturation, Fluidity and Loss of Meaning |
|
|
265 | (16) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Saturation as Loss of Meaning |
|
|
266 | (2) |
|
Consumerism: Expansion and Speed-Up |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
268 | (3) |
|
From Truth, to Ideology, to Simulacra |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Celebrity Culture as Hyperreal |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Identity: Fragmentation and Fluidity |
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
The Internet As Virtual Playground |
|
|
273 | (5) |
|
|
273 | (2) |
|
Internet as Extension of Everyday Life |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
Conclusion: Saturated but Real? |
|
|
278 | (3) |
Glossary |
|
281 | (14) |
References |
|
295 | (21) |
Index |
|
316 | |