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xi | |
Acknowledgements |
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xii | |
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1 | (16) |
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1 | (3) |
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1 | (3) |
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Starting points: shaping, mirroring and representing |
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4 | (2) |
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The communication process |
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6 | (4) |
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Transmitters, receivers and noise |
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7 | (1) |
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`Who says what...?' and other questions |
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8 | (1) |
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Linear and one-dimensional |
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9 | (1) |
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Elements of media in socio-cultural context |
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10 | (4) |
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13 | (1) |
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Media, identity and culture |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (3) |
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17 | (86) |
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19 | (21) |
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19 | (1) |
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Contrasting medium theories |
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20 | (6) |
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McLuhan: the medium is the message |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (4) |
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Technological determinism |
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26 | (6) |
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26 | (2) |
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Generalization and reification |
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28 | (1) |
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Technologies and social contexts |
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29 | (2) |
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Capacities and constraints |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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The Internet: a cure for social ills? |
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35 | (3) |
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Conclusion: technologies in context |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (20) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (5) |
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42 | (3) |
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Concentration of ownership = concentration of ideas? |
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45 | (1) |
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The bottom line: sources of revenue |
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46 | (4) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Payments between media companies |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (2) |
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Governments and regulation |
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52 | (5) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Supporting the industry: copyright |
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56 | (1) |
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Conclusion: economic determinism? |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (22) |
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60 | (1) |
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Media texts as arrangements of signs |
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61 | (9) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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Narrative, genre and discourse analysis |
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70 | (4) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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From quality to quantity: content analysis |
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74 | (5) |
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`Systematic, objective and quantitative' |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Case study: Gerbner and television violence |
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77 | (1) |
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Limitations of content analysis |
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78 | (1) |
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Conclusion: putting texts into context |
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79 | (3) |
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82 | (21) |
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82 | (1) |
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US empirical traditions of audience research |
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83 | (9) |
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83 | (4) |
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Limited effects and two-step flow |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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Functionalist and complacent? |
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90 | (2) |
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Cultural studies: dominant and oppositional readings |
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92 | (7) |
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Encoding, decoding and preferred meanings |
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92 | (1) |
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Social context and differential readings |
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93 | (2) |
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Audiences as cultural producers |
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95 | (2) |
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Ethnographies of audiences, fans and users |
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97 | (2) |
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Conclusion: an uncritical celebration? |
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99 | (4) |
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PART 2 MEDIA, POWER AND CONTROL |
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103 | (92) |
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6 Media as Manipulation? Marxism and Ideology |
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105 | (22) |
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105 | (1) |
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Marxism and ideology: basics |
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106 | (1) |
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The culture industry as mass deception |
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107 | (5) |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (6) |
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Beyond Marx's materialism |
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112 | (2) |
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Case study: consumerist myths |
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114 | (4) |
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Political economy and ideology |
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118 | (4) |
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118 | (2) |
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Cultural imperialism as globalization of ideology |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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Political economic versus cultural approaches |
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122 | (1) |
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Complex communication flows and consumer resistance |
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123 | (2) |
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Conclusion: avoiding easy dismissals |
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125 | (2) |
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7 The Construction of News |
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127 | (23) |
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127 | (2) |
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Selection, gatekeeping and agenda setting |
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129 | (6) |
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129 | (5) |
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Case study: September 11th 2001 |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (3) |
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Differences between news providers |
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138 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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Style and market position |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Similarities: back to bias and ideology? |
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140 | (6) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (2) |
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Infotainment and depoliticization |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (4) |
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8 Public Service or Personal Entertainment? Controlling Media Orientation |
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150 | (23) |
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150 | (1) |
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Public service broadcasting (PSB) |
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151 | (7) |
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151 | (2) |
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Differing PSB arrangements |
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153 | (1) |
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Developing PSB principles |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (3) |
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Censorship: preventing harm and offence |
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158 | (6) |
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Avoiding majority (and minority) offence |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Preventing harm or inhibiting freedom? |
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161 | (3) |
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Commercial competition and consumer choice |
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164 | (6) |
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165 | (1) |
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US broadcasting: a free market model |
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166 | (1) |
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A toaster with pictures: the decline of regulation |
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167 | (3) |
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Conclusion: a rosy commercial future? |
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170 | (3) |
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9 Decline of the National Public: Commercialization, Fragmentation and Globalization |
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173 | (22) |
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173 | (1) |
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Media and the public sphere |
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174 | (3) |
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174 | (1) |
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Media and public engagement |
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175 | (2) |
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Nation as `imagined community' |
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177 | (3) |
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Decline of the public sphere |
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180 | (3) |
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From facilitators to shapers |
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180 | (1) |
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Commercially driven content |
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181 | (2) |
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Digital dilution of the nation |
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183 | (7) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (2) |
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The Internet: interactive but fragmented |
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186 | (4) |
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Conclusion: national public---good riddance? |
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190 | (5) |
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PART 3 MEDIA, IDENTITY AND CULTURE |
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195 | (90) |
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10 Media, Ethnicity and Diaspora |
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197 | (22) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (4) |
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200 | (1) |
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Stereotypical representations |
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201 | (2) |
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The reproduction of subordination |
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203 | (1) |
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Promoting `positive' images |
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204 | (5) |
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Reversing stereotypes of passivity |
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205 | (1) |
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Successful, well-adjusted, integrated |
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206 | (2) |
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The burden of representation |
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208 | (1) |
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New ethnicities and diaspora |
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209 | (3) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (4) |
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Newspapers, video and global Bollywood |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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Conclusion: empowerment or ghettoization? |
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216 | (3) |
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11 Media, Gender and Sexuality |
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219 | (24) |
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219 | (1) |
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Constructions of femininity |
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220 | (7) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Patriarchal romance and domesticity |
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222 | (1) |
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Post-feminist independence? |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (5) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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From consumers to producers |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (3) |
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Masculinity or masculinities? |
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234 | (2) |
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Lads' mags and contradictory representations |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (4) |
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Conclusion: a balanced approach |
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241 | (2) |
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12 Media Communities: Subcultures, Fans and Identity Groups |
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243 | (22) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (4) |
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Homogenization and atomization |
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244 | (2) |
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Resisting mass culture (and media): youth subcultures |
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246 | (2) |
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Moral panic and mass media stigmatization |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (6) |
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250 | (2) |
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Niche magazines and consumer groupings |
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252 | (3) |
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255 | (1) |
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DIY media and Internet communication |
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256 | (5) |
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256 | (1) |
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Online micro-communication |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Communities or individuals? |
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259 | (2) |
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Conclusion: all about definitions? |
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261 | (4) |
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13 Saturation, Fluidity and Loss of Meaning |
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265 | (20) |
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265 | (1) |
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Saturation as loss of meaning |
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266 | (3) |
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Consumerism: expansion and speed-up |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (4) |
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From truth, to ideology, to simulacra |
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270 | (1) |
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Celebrity culture as hyperreal |
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271 | (2) |
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Identity: fragmentation and fluidity |
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273 | (2) |
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273 | (2) |
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The Internet as virtual playground |
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275 | (6) |
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275 | (3) |
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Internet as extension of everyday life |
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278 | (1) |
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Case study: social networking sites |
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279 | (2) |
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Conclusion: saturated but real? |
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281 | (4) |
Glossary |
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285 | (15) |
References |
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300 | (12) |
Index |
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312 | |