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E-grāmata: Media Law and Ethics

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(Middle Tennessee State University, USA), ,
  • Formāts: 524 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-Sep-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000439786
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  • Formāts: 524 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-Sep-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000439786
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This comprehensive textbook provides a thoughtful introduction to both the legal and ethical considerations relevant to undergraduate and graduate students pursuing careers in communication and media. This revised edition expands on topics from privacy and international law to digital and social media.



This comprehensive textbook provides a thoughtful introduction to both the legal and ethical considerations relevant to students pursuing careers in communication and media.

The fully revised, sixth edition continues to integrate fundamental legal and ethical principles with cases and examples from both landmark moments and recent history. It expands upon the previous edition's exploration of international and non-U.S. law, introduces a new chapter on digital and social media, and incorporates discussion of new technologies and media throughout its coverage of core topics such as privacy, intellectual property, defamation and commercial speech. Coverage of recent court cases and congressional hearings brings readers up to date on the evolving discussion surrounding Facebook, Twitter and today’s other major online players.

This hybrid textbook is ideal for undergraduate and graduate courses in media and communication that combine law and ethics.

Online resources including chapter PowerPoint slides, study guides and sample teaching materials are available at www.routledge.com/9780367748562

Recenzijas

"This new edition of Media Law and Ethics is a highly valuable and clearly written guide for media students and professionals who not only want to follow the law but also do the right thing. Through its use of real-life examples, it provides a practical approach to handling legal and ethical dilemmas in an era of rampant disinformation, rapid technological change, and media globalization." Jon Marshall, Medill School of Journalism, Northwestern University, USA

About the Authors xvii
Preface to the Sixth Edition xxi
1 American Law, the Legal System and the Judicial Process 1(43)
Civil and Common Law Systems
1(2)
Constitutions
3(6)
The Federal Constitution
3(4)
The Bill of Rights
5(1)
The First Amendment
6(1)
State Constitutions
7(1)
Judicial Review
8(1)
Statutory Law
9(1)
Administrative Law
10(1)
Common Law
10(1)
Equity Law
11(1)
The Courts
11(5)
The U.S. Supreme Court
11(3)
Characteristics of the U.S. Supreme Court
12(2)
The Federal Court System
14(2)
Federal District Courts
15(1)
The U.S. Courts of Appeals
15(1)
State Court Systems
16(1)
A Case's Journey
16(19)
Civil versus Criminal Law
16(1)
The Civil Lawsuit
17(7)
The Complaint
18(1)
Defendant's Response: Motion to Dismiss or Answer
18(1)
Discovery
19(1)
Reporter's Privilege
19(4)
Newsroom Searches
23(1)
Summary Judgment
23(1)
Pretrial Motions and Hearings
24(1)
The Civil Trial
24(6)
Jury Selection
24(1)
Ethical Concerns in Covering Juries
24(1)
Opening Statements and Burden of Proof
25(1)
Presentation of Evidence
25(1)
Expert Witnesses
26(1)
Role of the Judge
26(1)
Motion for Directed Verdict
26(1)
Closing Arguments
27(1)
Judge's Instructions to the Jury
27(1)
Jury Deliberations
28(1)
Settlements
28(1)
The Verdict
28(1)
Damages and Other Remedies
29(1)
Debriefing Jurors
29(1)
Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict
29(1)
Final Judgment
30(1)
Retrials
30(1)
The Criminal Trial
30(5)
Initiating a Criminal Case
30(3)
Arrest Warrant
33(1)
Preliminary Hearing
33(1)
Arraignment
34(1)
Plea Bargain
34(1)
Discovery
34(1)
Trial
35(1)
Sentencing
35(1)
Appeals
35(1)
Alternative Dispute Resolution
35(2)
Press Councils
36(1)
Arbitration
36(1)
Mediation
37(1)
Summary Jury Trial
37(1)
Finding the Law
37(2)
Summary and Conclusions
39(1)
Notes
39(5)
2 Media Ethics: A Cognitive Framework 44(48)
The Bad Old Days
56(2)
Defining an Ethical Journalist
58(1)
Why Journalists Must Be Ethical
58(6)
The Informative Role
59(1)
The Marketplace of Ideas
59(2)
Agenda-setting
61(1)
Watchdog Function
62(2)
The Credibility Factor
64(3)
Journalism's Hall of Shame-A Few Historic Lowlights
64(3)
The Focus on Journalism's Ethical Problems
67(1)
The Romenesko Effect
67(1)
A National Study
68(1)
Approaches to Ethics
69(1)
Teleology
69(1)
Deontological Approach
70(1)
Ethics Codes
70(1)
Being Ethical
71(1)
Ethical Issues
72(13)
An Offensive Picture or Video
72(2)
Reporting Shaped by Stereotypes
74(1)
A Lesson Not Learned
75(1)
Naming Those Who Say They Have Been Raped
75(1)
On the Side of Law and Order
76(1)
Journalists and Politicians
77(2)
Plagiarism
79(1)
Making It Up and then Calling It Journalism
80(1)
Freebies
81(1)
Checkbook Journalism
82(1)
Sting Operations
83(1)
Social Media: Raising New Privacy Issues
84(1)
Summary and Conclusions
85(1)
Notes
86(6)
3 Prior Restraint 92(39)
Defining Prior Restraint
93(1)
Government Censorship
94(1)
The Supreme Court Recognizes Prior Restraint
94(14)
The Classic Case: Near v. Minnesota
94(3)
New York Times Co. v. United States
97(2)
The Six Concurring Justices
99(1)
The Three Dissenting Justices
100(2)
Ethical Concerns in the Pentagon Papers Case
102(1)
United States v. The Progressive, Inc.
103(2)
The Advance of Freedom of Expression
105(1)
Schenck v. United States
106(1)
Abrams v. United States
107(1)
Brandenburg v. Ohio
108(1)
Judicial Prior Restraints
108(5)
Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart
109(1)
Contempt of Court
110(1)
Criminal Contempt
111(1)
Civil Contempt
111(1)
Journalists Behind Bars
111(1)
The Dickinson Rule
111(1)
United States v. Noriega
112(1)
Constitutional Limits on Contempt Power
113(1)
Bridges v. California and Times-Mirror Co. v. Superior Court
113(1)
Post-Bridges Decisions
113(1)
Prior Restraint Goes to School
114(5)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
114(2)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
116(2)
Kincaid v. Gibson
118(1)
Hosty v. Carter
119(1)
Prior Restraint on Crime Stories
119(1)
Free Speech Rights in a Political Context: Public and Private Protests
120(6)
Offensive Language on Clothing
120(1)
Funeral Protests
121(1)
Violent Video Games
122(1)
Data Mining and the First Amendment
123(1)
Signs
123(1)
Political Communication
124(2)
Summary and Conclusions
126(1)
Notes
127(4)
4 Defamation 131(49)
Emerging Issues
133(1)
Historical Perspectives
134(1)
Origins of Defamation
135(1)
Elements of Defamation
136(3)
Publication
137(1)
Identification
137(1)
Defamation
137(1)
Falsity
137(1)
Injury
138(1)
Fault
138(1)
Libel, Civil Rights and the First Amendment
139(3)
Critical Race Theory
142(1)
Sullivan and the Actual Malice Requirement
143(1)
Silencing Critics
143(2)
Google Transparency Reports
145(1)
Can Public Officials Still Win Libel Suits?
145(1)
Public-figure Plaintiffs
146(2)
Private-person Plaintiffs
148(4)
SLAPPs
152(4)
Libel and #MeToo
156(2)
Product Disparagement or Trade Libel
158(1)
Veggie Libel and "Ag-gag Laws"
159(2)
Conspiracy Theories and "Alternative Facts"
161(3)
Damages
164(2)
Defenses
166(9)
Truth
166(1)
Privilege: Absolute and Qualified
166(3)
Fair Comment and Criticism
169(2)
Rhetorical Hyperbole
171(2)
Ethical Questions
173(1)
Statute of Limitations
173(1)
Corrections and Retractions
174(1)
Libel-proof
174(1)
Neutral Reportage
174(1)
Wire Service Defense
175(1)
Summary and Conclusions
175(1)
Notes
176(4)
5 Right of Privacy 180(48)
Origins of a Right of Privacy
181(2)
What Is the Right of Privacy?
183(1)
Appropriation
184(18)
The Human Cannonball Case
185(1)
Celebrity Appropriation Cases
186(1)
Non-celebrity Appropriation Cases
187(1)
Post-mortem Appropriation Claims
188(1)
Defenses to Appropriation
189(5)
Consent
189(2)
Newsworthiness
191(1)
Incidental Use
191(1)
Non-humans
192(1)
Intrusion
193(1)
Private Places
194(2)
Media Cooperation with Law Enforcement
195(1)
Public Places
196(2)
Recording Law Enforcement
198(1)
Purloined Information
198(2)
Electronic Surveillance
200(1)
Defenses to Intrusion
201(1)
Public Disclosure of Private Facts
202(8)
Crime Victims
202(2)
Criminal Suspects
204(1)
Embarrassing or Distressing Facts
204(1)
Statutory Protections
205(2)
Student Privacy Rights
206(1)
Health Information
206(1)
Other Statutory Protections
207(1)
Defenses to Public Disclosure of Private Facts
207(3)
False Light
210(5)
Defenses to False Light
214(1)
Ethical Considerations
215(3)
Impact of Codes of Ethics
217(1)
Privacy in the Digital Age
218(1)
Government Surveillance
219(1)
Summary and Conclusions
220(1)
Notes
221(7)
6 Indecency and Obscenity 228(39)
New Technology's Impact on Indecency and Obscenity
228(2)
Revenge Porn: A New Form of Pornography
230(1)
From Hicklin to Roth: An Emerging Definition of Obscenity
231(4)
Regina v. Hicklin (1868)
231(1)
Butler v. Michigan: Rejecting the Hicklin Standard
232(1)
Roth v. U.S. and Alberts v. California (1957):A New Obscenity Standard
232(1)
Smith v. California (1959):The Requirement of Scienter
233(1)
Manual Enterprises v. Day (1962): Patent Offensiveness
234(1)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965):The Constitutionality of Film Censorship Boards
235(1)
The Fanny Hill Case: Applying the "Utter" Test
235(7)
Ginzburg v. U.S. (1966): Pandering
236(1)
Mishkin v. New York (1966): Obscenity Directed to Deviants
237(1)
Ginsberg v. New York (1968):Variable Obscenity Laws
238(1)
Stanley v. Georgia (1969): Privacy and Obscenity
238(1)
Miller v. California (1973): Conjunctive Test of Obscenity
239(3)
Aftermath of Miller and Paris Adult Theatre I
242(1)
Billy Jenkins v. Georgia (1974): Mere Nudity Is Not Enough
242(1)
Child Pornography
243(19)
Zoning and Other Restrictions
247(1)
Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act
248(1)
LAPS Value in Miller Applying the "Reasonable Person"
248(1)
Examples of Obscenity Prosecutions
249(1)
United States v. Stevens (2010): Can Animal Crush Videos Be Criminalized?
250(1)
Obscenity versus Indecency
251(1)
Broadcast Indecency
251(2)
Indecency on Cable, Satellite and Streaming Services
253(2)
Indecency on the Internet
255(2)
Phone Indecency
257(1)
Live Nudity and the First Amendment
258(1)
Indecency and the Arts
259(1)
Ethical Dilemmas Facing the Media in Obscenity and Indecency Cases
259(3)
Summary and Conclusions
262(1)
Notes
263(4)
7 Digital and Social Media 267(36)
The Regulation of Electronic Media
269(1)
Regulation Starts with Radio
270(1)
Fairness Doctrine
271(1)
The Rise of Rush
272(3)
FCC Regulations
275(1)
Internet Regulation
276(1)
The Roots of Section 230
276(4)
ISPs Are Not Government Actors
280(1)
Compelled Speech on ISPs
281(1)
ISP Self-regulation
282(1)
Privacy and Facial Recognition Technology
283(1)
Prior Restraint and Social Media
284(2)
Social Media and National Security
286(2)
"Follow Me on Parler"
288(1)
Online Libel
289(3)
Twibel
292(1)
The Unknown Publisher
293(1)
Online Reviews
294(1)
"Like" as Protected Speech
295(1)
Emoji and the First Amendment
295(1)
Cyberbullying
296(1)
Online Harassment and Public Records
297(1)
Revenge Porn
297(1)
Summary and Conclusions
298(1)
Notes
298(5)
8 Corporate and Commercial Speech 303(68)
Traditional Corporate Speech Concerns
308(3)
The Development of the Commercial Speech Doctrine
311(3)
Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942)
311(1)
Jamison v. Texas (1943)
312(1)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
312(1)
Martin v. City of Struthers (1943)
313(1)
Douglas v. City of Jeannette (1943)
313(1)
Watchtower Bible and Tract Society v. Village of Stratton (2002)
313(1)
First Amendment Rights of Media Corporations
314(4)
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
314(1)
Pittsburgh Press v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (1973)
315(1)
Bigelow v. Virginia (1975)
316(1)
City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, Inc. (1993)
317(1)
First Amendment Rights of Non-media Corporations
318(5)
Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
318(1)
Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Willingboro (1977)
319(1)
Hugh Carey v. Population Services International (1977)
320(1)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978)
320(1)
Consolidated Edison and Central Hudson Gas & Electric (1980)
320(3)
First Amendment Protection for Unsolicited Mail Advertising:
Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp. (1983)
323(1)
First Amendment Rights of Professionals: Lawyer Advertising
324(12)
Lawyer Solicitation: Ohralik and In Re Primus
325(6)
Advertising by Other Professionals: Friedman v. Rogers (1979) and Thompson v. Western States Medical Center (2002)
331(1)
Truthful Commercial Speech: From Posadas to Johanns
332(4)
Fruit, Mushrooms and Beef: A Gourmet Meal or a Mystery Recipe?
336(5)
United States v. United Foods (2001)
338(1)
Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association (2005)
338(3)
The Federal Trade Commission and Other Federal Agencies
341(3)
The FTC and Deceptive Advertising
342(1)
The Wheeler -Lea Amendments (1938): Regulating Unfair and Deceptive Practices
342(1)
FTC Composition and Structure
343(1)
FTC Modes of Regulation
344(2)
Investigations
344(1)
Cease-and-Desist Orders
345(1)
Consent Agreement or Order
345(1)
Trade Regulation Rules
346(7)
The Issuance of Trade Regulation Rules
347(1)
Advisory Opinions
348(1)
Industry Guides
348(1)
Consumer Education
348(1)
Corrective Advertising
349(1)
Affirmative Disclosure
350(1)
Substantiation
350(3)
Regulation by Other Government Agencies
353(2)
Self-regulation
354(1)
National Advertising Review Council
354(1)
Advertising Ethics and Other Considerations
355(5)
Puffery
355(1)
Testimonials
356(1)
Tobacco and Alcohol Advertising: Some Legal and Ethical Issues
356(4)
Cybersquatting
360(1)
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
361(3)
Other Ethical Issues
362(2)
Summary and Conclusions
364(2)
Notes
366(5)
9 Intellectual Property 371(63)
Patents, Including Creation and Duration
372(3)
Trade Secrets
375(1)
Trademarks, Including Federal and State Protection and Renewal
376(1)
Trademark Dilution: Moseley and Moseley v.V Secret Catalog, Inc. (2003)
377(1)
Trademark and Service Mark Registration
378(3)
Matal v.Tam (2017) and Iancu v. Brunetti (2019): Are "SLANTS" and "FUCT" Protected Speech?
381(3)
Summary
383(1)
Copyright
384(4)
Copyright Act of 1976
384(1)
Nature of Copyright under the Current Law
385(3)
Creation of Copyright
388(2)
Copyright Owners
389(1)
Work Made for Hire: Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid (1989)
390(1)
Works Not Protected by Copyright
391(3)
What Is an Original Work of Authorship?
394(1)
Can Animals Claim Copyright Ownership?
395(1)
Copyright Duration
396(8)
Works Created but Neither Published nor Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978
397(2)
Copyright Renewal
399(1)
Copyright Notice
400(1)
Proper Notice
401(1)
Placement of Notice
401(1)
Copyright Infringement
402(1)
International Protection Against Copyright Infringement
403(1)
Defenses to Infringement
404(1)
Innocent Infringement
404(1)
Consent
404(1)
Compulsory License
405(1)
Music Modernization Act of 2018
406(1)
Other Types of Licensing
407(1)
Public Property
408(1)
Georgia v. Public.Resource.org, Inc. (2020)
409(1)
Copyright Clarification Act of 1990
409(1)
Statute of Limitations
410(1)
Fair Use
411(10)
What Is Fair Use?
412(9)
Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998
421(1)
Remedies for Infringement
421(2)
Injunctions, Impoundment and Disposition
422(1)
Damages and Profits
422(1)
Other Remedies for Infringement
423(1)
Registration
423(1)
Copyright Protection for Newer Technologies
424(1)
Moral Rights
425(2)
Misappropriation and Unfair Competition
427(1)
Summary and Conclusions
427(1)
Notes
428(6)
10 International and Foreign Law 434(43)
Freedom of Expression: Hate Speech as a Crime
436(2)
Defamation: Reputation Still a Priority
438(5)
European Court of Human Rights on Defamation
438(2)
Inter-American Court of Human Rights on "Actual Malice"
440(1)
African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights on Criminal Libel
441(1)
United Kingdom: Defamation Act of 2013
441(2)
Privacy as an Evolving Culture-bound Right
443(2)
Access to the Press: Right of Reply Recognized
445(3)
France
446(1)
Germany
446(2)
EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive
448(1)
Journalistic Privilege: Right to Protect Sources Recognized
448(6)
Foreign Law
449(3)
Argentina
449(1)
Australia
449(1)
Canada
449(1)
Germany
450(1)
Japan
450(1)
Norway
451(1)
Sweden
451(1)
United Kingdom
451(1)
International Law
452(2)
European Court of Human Rights in Goodwin v. United Kingdom
452(1)
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in the Randal Case
453(1)
Freedom of Information: A "Veritable Revolution" in Free Speech
454(8)
Access to Information as a Human Right in International Law
455(1)
China, India and South Korea's Experience with FOI
456(10)
China's Law on "Disclosure of Government Information": Not Entirely a Rhetorical Gimmick
456(2)
India's Right to Information Act: The World's "Most Exciting Experiment" with FOI
458(3)
South Korea: An Earlier Adopter of FOI in Transitioning to Democracy
461(1)
Commercial Expression: Still Second-class in Free Speech Jurisprudence
462(4)
US. Media Sued Abroad: Enforcement of Foreign Court Judgments
466(3)
New York Court in Bachchan Rejects an English Judgment
466(1)
Maryland's Highest Court Applies Bachchan in Matusevitch
467(2)
Summary and Conclusions
469(1)
Notes
470(7)
Case Index 477(7)
Subject Index 484
Roy L. Moore is Professor Emeritus of Journalism at the University of Kentucky and retired Professor of Journalism and former Dean of the College of Mass Communication (now College of Media and Entertainment) at Middle Tennessee State University. He holds a Ph.D. in Mass Communication from University of WisconsinMadison and a J.D. from the Georgia State University College of Law. He has served as expert witness in several media law cases.

Michael D. Murray is University of Missouri Board of Curators Distinguished Professor Emeritus and the first Governor Emeritus of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for Mid America. He holds undergraduate and graduate degrees from St. Louis University and a Ph.D. from the University of MissouriColumbia. He founded and led media programs at Virginia Tech, University of Louisville, University of NevadaLas Vegas and the University of MissouriSt. Louis.

Kyu Ho Youm is Professor and Jonathan Marshall First Amendment Chair at the University of Oregon and the 2021 ICA Fellow. His research on freedom of expression has been widely cited by U.S. and foreign courts including the British House of Lords, the High Court of Australia, the Supreme Court of Canada and the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa. He holds a Ph.D. from Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale and graduate law degrees from Oxford University and Yale Law School.

The revised, sixth edition of Media Law and Ethics also includes new chapters by contributors Aimee Edmondson of the E. W. Scripps School of Journalism at Ohio University and Eric P. Robinson of the College of Information and Communications at the University of South Carolina.