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Media Ownership and Control: Law, Economics and Policy in an Indian and International Context [Mīkstie vāki]

, (Serle Court Chambers, UK)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 344 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 485 g
  • Sērija : Hart Studies in Competition Law
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Dec-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1509913890
  • ISBN-13: 9781509913893
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Media Ownership and Control: Law, Economics and Policy in an Indian and International ContextPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 344 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 485 g
  • Sērija : Hart Studies in Competition Law
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Dec-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1509913890
  • ISBN-13: 9781509913893
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781509913893.html
Keywords:
Competition and diversity in media and communications are fundamental to a healthy economy and democracy. In India and internationally there is no consensus on the exact manner and scope of interventions that are appropriate to protect competition and pluralism in media markets. Many emerging economies including India are seeking to adopt their own regulation in this area taking their lead from the UK. The issues have been brought into sharp focus in India in recent years. First, the enactment and implementation of modern - but sector neutral - competition law under the Competition Act 2002 has caused a step change in regulation towards an economics and effects-based approach. Second, in 2013 the India telecoms regulator launched controversial reform proposals to apply a media-specific approach to ownership regulation. As academics, lawyers, businesses, regulators and policy-makers in India cast a glance at the international experience, this book examines the legal, economic and policy issues relating to regulation of ownership and control of media markets. The focus of comparative assessment is on examples from the European Union, EU Member States and the US.
Prologue v
Acknowledgements xvii
Biographies xxvii
List of Tables and Figures
xxxvii
Table of Cases
xxxix
Table of Legislation
xlv
1 Introduction
1(6)
1.1 The Context: Market, Legal and Regulatory Trends Shaping the Media and Communications Sector in India and Internationally
1(2)
1.2 Why Focus on Ownership and Control?
3(1)
1.3 Scope
4(2)
1.4 Sources of Further Information
6(1)
2 Achieving Policy Objectives
7(18)
2.1 Introduction
7(1)
2.2 Guiding Principles
8(2)
2.3 Instruments of Competition and Regulatory Policy---Mapping out the Landscape
10(1)
2.4 Competition Law
11(1)
2.5 Sector Regulation
11(1)
2.6 Merger Control
12(1)
2.7 Convergence
12(2)
2.8 `Technology Neutral'
14(1)
2.9 Regulation: Sector-specific vs Competition Law
15(1)
2.10 EU Experience
16(1)
2.11 Allocation of Competences between Sector Regulator and Competition Authority
17(2)
2.11.1 Regulatory `Models'
17(1)
2.11.2 Indian Experience
17(1)
2.11.3 UK Experience
18(1)
2.12 Restrictions on Competition
19(2)
2.13 Market Power
21(1)
2.14 Conclusions and Implications for Policy
22(3)
3 Market Delineation and Definition in Media
25(30)
3.1 Introduction
25(2)
3.2 The Role of Market Definition in Competition Analysis
27(4)
3.3 The Role of the Consumer in Media Regulation Debates
31(3)
3.3.1 The Consumer and Different Types of Regulation
31(1)
3.3.2 The Consumer vs the Citizen
32(1)
3.3.3 Rationale for Regulation
32(2)
3.4 Challenges in Identifying Relevant Markets in the Media Sector
34(7)
3.4.1 Market Definition and the New Media
34(1)
3.4.2 Market Definition in Fast-moving Markets
35(1)
3.4.3 Limitations of the SSNIP Test
36(1)
3.4.4 Products and Services
37(1)
3.4.5 Identifying the Limits of Convergence
37(2)
3.4.6 Relationship with Public Interest and Plurality
39(1)
3.4.7 The Social Dimension and Information Gap
40(1)
3.4.8 A Lot at Stake
40(1)
3.5 Between Theory and Pragmatism: Identifying Relevant Markets in Practice
41(6)
3.5.1 Information Limits
41(1)
3.5.2 Demand-side Considerations
42(1)
3.5.3 Geographic Boundaries
43(1)
3.5.4 Divergent Approaches
44(1)
3.5.5 Limits of Precedent
45(1)
3.5.6 Effect on Market Participants and the Quest for Predictability
46(1)
3.6 Case Study: Market Definition under the EU Communications Regulatory Framework
47(5)
3.6.1 The EU Regulatory Framework: Introduction
47(1)
3.6.2 Evolving Approach
48(3)
3.6.3 Some Remaining Difficulties
51(1)
3.7 Towards a Coherent Framework for Market Analysis in the Media and Communications Sector?
52(3)
4 Competition Law
55(8)
4.1 Introduction
55(1)
4.2 Agreements
55(2)
4.2.1 Indian Competition applied to Cartel-like Behaviour in the Media Sector
55(1)
4.2.2 The Concept of an `Appreciable Adverse Effect' on Competition has been Construed Widely to Capture Local and Regional Effects
56(1)
4.3 Abuse of Dominance
57(5)
4.3.1 Challenges of applying Competition Law in the Media and Communications Sector
57(1)
4.3.2 No General Exception for Protection of IPR
58(1)
4.3.3 Indian Competition Law has already been applied to Abuse of Dominance in the Media and Communications Sector
59(1)
4.3.4 Complaints-led Cases
59(1)
4.3.5 International Dimension
60(2)
4.4 Initial Conclusions
62(1)
5 Media Ownership and Control
63(24)
5.1 Introduction
63(1)
5.2 Protecting Competitiveness and Pluralism
63(5)
5.2.1 What is Pluralism or Plurality?
63(2)
5.2.2 Relationship between Pluralism and Competition Law
65(1)
5.2.3 Initial Conclusions on Competition and Plurality Tests
66(2)
5.3 Indian Merger Control in the Media and Communications Sector
68(3)
5.3.1 Introduction
68(1)
5.3.2 Indian Merger Reviews in Media and Communications
69(1)
5.3.3 Merger Control and Minority Interests
70(1)
5.3.4 Cases Involving Corporate Restructurings
70(1)
5.3.5 Ongoing Development of the Indian Competition Law and Merger Control Framework
71(1)
5.4 Comparative Survey of Regulatory Models
71(3)
5.4.1 Methodology
71(1)
5.4.2 Countries Surveyed
71(1)
5.4.3 Regime Type
72(2)
5.5 Case Studies
74(3)
5.5.1 Model A: No Media Ownership Rules and Sole Application of Competition Rules in Merger Control
74(1)
5.5.2 Model B: Media Ownership Rules and Sole Application of Competition Rules in Merger Control
75(1)
5.5.3 Model C: Media Ownership Rules and Modified Application of Competition Rules in Merger Control
76(1)
5.6 The Ongoing Debate on Media Plurality
77(3)
5.6.1 Academic Perspectives
78(1)
5.6.2 Regulatory Policy Perspectives
79(1)
5.7 Newspapers---A Special Case?
80(4)
5.7.1 Background
80(1)
5.7.2 Drivers of Consolidation
80(1)
5.7.3 Paid News, Politics and Pluralism
81(1)
5.7.4 Emerging Insights from the UK
82(2)
5.8 Conclusions and Implications for Policy
84(3)
6 Vertical Integration
87(19)
6.1 Introduction
87(1)
6.2 A Schematic of the Media Value Chain
87(1)
6.3 Vertical Integration in an Economic Context
88(8)
6.3.1 Three Phases of Economic and Competition Policy Thought
88(2)
6.3.2 A Last Preliminary: Vertical Integration and Vertical Restraints
90(1)
6.3.3 The Treatment of Vertical Restraints under Indian Competition Law
91(1)
6.3.4 Economic Reasoning of Vertical Integration: The Initial Sceptical View
92(1)
6.3.5 Efficiency Gain of Vertical Integration: Avoiding Double Marginalisation
92(1)
6.3.6 More Nuanced Post-Chicago View
93(1)
6.3.7 Efficiency Gain of Vertical Integration: Flexibility to Technological Change
94(2)
6.4 Vertical Competition Issues in Mergers in the Media and Communications Sector
96(2)
6.4.1 Access to Content
96(1)
6.4.2 Access to Infrastructure
97(1)
6.4.3 Leverage
97(1)
6.4.4 Network Effects
97(1)
6.4.5 Removal of a Maverick
98(1)
6.5 Vertical Integration and Merger Remedies
98(5)
6.5.1 Remedies Typology
98(1)
6.5.2 EU Experience
99(3)
6.5.3 US Experience
102(1)
6.6 Conclusions and Implications for Policy
103(3)
7 Cable Sector: Competition and Regulation in an International Comparative Perspective
106(19)
7.1 Introduction
106(3)
7.2 Economic, Competition and Regulatory Perspectives
109(7)
7.2.1 Structure of the Broadcasting Industry
110(1)
7.2.2 Theories of Regulation
111(1)
7.2.3 Dealing with Market Power
112(2)
7.2.4 Access Issues
114(1)
7.2.5 Merger Regulation
115(1)
7.2.6 Public Interest
115(1)
7.2.7 Convergence
116(1)
7.3 Regime Comparison
116(1)
7.4 Conclusions and Implications for Policy
116(9)
8 The Impact of the Internet
125(11)
8.1 Introduction
125(4)
8.2 Online's Stage of Development
129(1)
8.3 Effect of the Internet on Media
130(1)
8.4 Case Study: News
130(4)
8.4.1 News Provision
131(2)
8.4.2 News Consumption
133(1)
8.5 Conclusions and Implications for Policy
134(2)
9 Shaping the Future Regulatory Agenda in India and Internationally
136(23)
9.1 Introduction: Ongoing Consultation and Debate on the Shape of Media and Communications Regulation Internationally
136(1)
9.2 Indian Experience and Recent TRAI Consultations
137(3)
9.2.1 Consultation on Media Cross-ownership
137(1)
9.2.2 Consultation on Monopoly and Market Dominance in Cable TV services
138(2)
9.3 EU Experience: Towards Pan-European Regulation of Plurality?
140(2)
9.4 UK Experience: Where do we Stand after Newscorp/BSkyB and Leveson?
142(5)
9.4.1 Ofcom Review of Plurality
142(2)
9.4.2 Ongoing Consultation---House of Lords Select Committee Call for Evidence
144(3)
9.5 Australian Experience: Media Reform Tried, Tested and Failed
147(9)
9.5.1 Proposed Reforms
147(1)
9.5.2 Summary of the Proposed Reforms
148(8)
9.6 US Experience: How to Measure Media Diversity?
156(1)
9.7 Conclusion
157(2)
10 Conclusions and Implications for Policy
159(12)
10.1 Introduction
159(1)
10.2 Ten Recommendations for Competitive and Diverse Media Markets
160(11)
10.2.1 Develop a Strong Law that Respects Legal and Economic Principles
160(1)
10.2.2 Stay Vigilant to Competition Issues
161(1)
10.2.3 Recognise the Role of Market Definition in all its (Product, Geographic, Temporal and Innovation) Dimensions
162(2)
10.2.4 Question and Test Traditional Approaches in Converging Media and Communications Markets
164(1)
10.2.5 Ensure that the Identification of Specific Market Failures or Concerns is based on Robust Economic and Empirical Evidence rather than a Perceived `Problem'
165(1)
10.2.6 Mitigate the Risk of Political Capture
166(1)
10.2.7 Maintain Diverse Expertise among Bodies likely to hear Relevant Cases
166(2)
10.2.8 Build and Strengthen Alliances with all Interest Groups affected by Competition Law and Regulation
168(1)
10.2.9 Develop Cooperation with Regulators Globally
169(1)
10.2.10 Maintain a Dynamic Approach
170(1)
Appendix 1 Achieving Policy Objectives 171(4)
Appendix 2 Media Ownership and Merger Control 175(11)
Appendix 3 Newspapers: The Story of the UK Regional Press 186(20)
Appendix 4 Cable Country Reviews 206(60)
Appendix 5 Online Behaviour in India 266(6)
Appendix 6 Media and Communications Regulatory Reform Internationally Supplementary Material 272(4)
Bibliography 276(4)
Glossary 280(5)
Index 285
Suzanne Rab is a barrister specialising in competition law, EU law and regulation at Serle Court Chambers. Alison Sprague is an economist specialising in media with Competition Economists Group.