| Preface |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxi | |
| Part I Introduction |
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Chapter 1 Media/Society in a Digital World |
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2 | (21) |
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3 | (4) |
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Models of Communication Media |
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7 | (3) |
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Interpersonal and "Mass" Communication |
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7 | (1) |
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Variable Boundaries and Active Users |
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8 | (1) |
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Communication Today: A First Look |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (6) |
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The Sociological Perspective |
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11 | (1) |
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Structural Constraint and Human Agency |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Structure and Agency in the Media |
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13 | (5) |
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Relationships between the Media and Other Social Institutions |
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14 | (1) |
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Relationships within the Media Industry |
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14 | (1) |
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Relationships between the Media and the Public |
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15 | (1) |
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A Model of Media and the Social World |
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16 | (2) |
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Applying the Model: Civil Rights in Two Media Eras |
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18 | (3) |
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Mid-20th-Century Civil Rights Movement |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
| Part II Technology |
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23 | (38) |
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Chapter 2 The Evolution of Media Technology |
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24 | (37) |
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The History of Media Technology |
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25 | (3) |
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Technological Determinism and Social Constructionism |
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28 | (8) |
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Technological Determinism |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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"Autonomous Technology" and "Technological Momentum" |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (4) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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From Print to the Internet |
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36 | (23) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (4) |
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42 | (3) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (4) |
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50 | (4) |
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Television and Daily Life |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (10) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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Some Characteristics of the Internet Era |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
| Part III Industry |
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61 | (128) |
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Chapter 3 The Economics of the Media Industry |
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62 | (45) |
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Media Companies in the Internet Era |
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64 | (3) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Changing Patterns of Ownership |
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67 | (15) |
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Concentration of Ownership |
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67 | (7) |
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68 | (4) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Conglomeration and Integration |
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74 | (4) |
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Strategy in a New Media Economy |
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78 | (1) |
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The Power of Platforms: Facebook and Google as New Media Giants |
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79 | (3) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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Consequences of Conglomeration and Integration |
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83 | (1) |
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Integration and Self-Promotion |
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83 | (1) |
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The Impact of Conglomeration |
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84 | (6) |
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The Effects of Concentration |
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85 | (1) |
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Media Control and Political Power |
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86 | (4) |
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Media Ownership and Content Diversity |
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90 | (6) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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Cheaper Programs for Smaller Audiences |
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94 | (1) |
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Controlling Content and Distribution |
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95 | (1) |
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Profit and the News Media |
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96 | (9) |
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The Impact of Advertising |
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98 | (1) |
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The Advertising-Content Connection |
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98 | (5) |
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Advertising and the Press in the 19th Century |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (1) |
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Advertising and the Contemporary News Media |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Political Influence on Media |
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107 | (44) |
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108 | (1) |
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Free Speech to Free Markets: The Evolution of U.S. Regulatory Policy |
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109 | (4) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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Regulation in International Perspective |
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113 | (3) |
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Regulation in Western Democracies |
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114 | (1) |
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Regulation in Developing Nations |
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115 | (1) |
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Competing Interests and the Regulation Debate |
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116 | (5) |
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Industry Influence: Elections and Lobbying |
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117 | (1) |
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Citizen Action: The Case of Low-Power Radio |
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117 | (3) |
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Left and Right: Diversity versus Property Rights |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (5) |
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121 | (3) |
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Copyright and Intellectual Property |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (10) |
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126 | (1) |
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Diversity: The Fairness Doctrine |
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127 | (2) |
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Morality: Obscene Materials |
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129 | (1) |
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Self-Regulation: Censorship and Ratings |
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130 | (4) |
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Movie Censorship and the Ratings System |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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Music Parental Advisory Labels and Video Games |
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132 | (2) |
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The "National Interest": Military Censorship |
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134 | (2) |
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Regulating Access and Distribution |
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136 | (11) |
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136 | (3) |
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The Concept of Net Neutrality |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Vertical Integration: Movies, TV, and Streaming |
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139 | (3) |
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The Hollywood Studio System |
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139 | (1) |
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Television's Fyn-Syn Regulations |
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140 | (1) |
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Netflix and the Streaming Wars |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (10) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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Informal Political, Social, and Economic Pressure |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Media Organizations and Professionals |
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151 | (38) |
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The Limits of Economic and Political Constraints |
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152 | (2) |
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Working within Economic Constraints |
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152 | (1) |
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Responding to Political Constraints |
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153 | (1) |
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Decision Making for Profit: Imitation, Hits, and Stars |
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154 | (7) |
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High Costs and Unpredictable Tastes |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Stars and the "Hit System" |
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156 | (2) |
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Creating Hits and Producing Stars |
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158 | (1) |
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Using Stars to Combat Uncertainty |
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159 | (1) |
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Beyond Stars to a Universe of Products |
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160 | (1) |
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The Organization of Media Work |
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161 | (14) |
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162 | (1) |
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News Routines and Their Consequences |
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163 | (3) |
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Technology and the New News Routines |
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166 | (4) |
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Increased Economic Pressure |
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166 | (1) |
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Expanded Volume and Diversified Sourcing |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Presentation and Engagement to Promote Traffic |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (5) |
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The Origins of Objectivity |
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171 | (1) |
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Objectivity as Routine Practices and Their Political Consequences |
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172 | (1) |
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Rejecting Objectivity: Alternative Journalism |
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173 | (2) |
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Occupational Roles and Professional Socialization |
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175 | (10) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (4) |
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Socialization of Photographers |
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177 | (2) |
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Photographers' Work Roles and Organizational Goals |
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179 | (1) |
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Editorial Decision Making |
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180 | (11) |
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The Work of the Book Editor |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (2) |
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Norms on the Internet, New Media, and New Organizations |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
| Part IV Content |
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189 | (78) |
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Chapter 6 Media and Ideology |
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190 | (35) |
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191 | (5) |
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Ideology and the "Real" World |
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191 | (1) |
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Dominant Ideology versus Cultural Contradictions |
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192 | (1) |
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The "Culture War" Battles over Ideology |
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193 | (1) |
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Ideology as Normalization |
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194 | (2) |
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Theoretical Roots of Ideological Analysis |
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196 | (5) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (4) |
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News Media and the Limits of Debate |
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201 | (3) |
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201 | (1) |
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Economic News as Ideological Construct |
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202 | (2) |
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Movies, the Military, and Masculinity |
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204 | (4) |
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205 | (1) |
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Vietnam Films and Recent War Films |
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206 | (2) |
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Television, Popularity, and Ideology |
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208 | (5) |
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208 | (2) |
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Television and the Changing American Family |
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210 | (2) |
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Revising Tradition: The New Momism |
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212 | (1) |
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Rap Music as Ideological Critique? |
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213 | (3) |
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Advertising and Consumer Culture |
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216 | (3) |
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Selling Consumerism in the Early 20th Century |
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217 | (1) |
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Women's Magazines as Advertisements |
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218 | (1) |
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Advertising and the Globalization of Culture |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Social Inequality and Media Representation |
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225 | (42) |
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Comparing Media Content and the "Real" World |
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226 | (2) |
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The Significance of Content |
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228 | (3) |
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Race, Ethnicity, and Media Content: Inclusion, Roles, and Control |
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231 | (15) |
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Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Media Content |
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232 | (3) |
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Growing Diversity and Abundance amid Audience Fragmentation |
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235 | (2) |
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Race, Ethnicity, and Media Roles |
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237 | (7) |
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238 | (1) |
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Slow Change and "Modern" Racism |
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239 | (5) |
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244 | (1) |
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Controlling Media Images of Race |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (5) |
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Women: Presence and Control in the Media |
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247 | (1) |
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Changing Media Roles for Women...and Men |
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247 | (2) |
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The Case of Women's Sports |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (11) |
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252 | (8) |
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Family-Based Situation Comedies |
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252 | (2) |
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Tabloid Talk Shows and Reality Television |
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254 | (3) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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Explaining Class Images: "Some People Are More Valuable Than Others" |
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260 | (2) |
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Sexual Orientation: Out of the Closet and into the Media |
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262 | (4) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
| Part V Users |
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267 | (74) |
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Chapter 8 Audiences and Creators |
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268 | (32) |
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The Active Audience: Balancing Agency and Structure |
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269 | (3) |
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Polysemy: Media's Multiple Meanings |
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270 | (1) |
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Interpretive Constraint: Encoding/Decoding and Social Structure |
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271 | (1) |
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Decoding Meanings and Social Position |
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272 | (9) |
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Class and Nationwide News |
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272 | (1) |
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Gender, Class, and Television |
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273 | (1) |
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Race, News, and Meaning Making |
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274 | (1) |
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Resistance and Feminist Identity |
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275 | (1) |
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International Readings of American Television |
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276 | (2) |
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Making Meaning Online: Second Screens |
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278 | (1) |
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Social Position Online: Black Twitter |
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279 | (2) |
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The Pleasures of Media: Celebrity Games |
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281 | (2) |
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The Social Context of Media Use |
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283 | (2) |
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Romance Novels and the Act of Reading |
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283 | (1) |
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Watching Television with the Family |
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284 | (1) |
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The Limits of Interpretation |
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285 | (1) |
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From Active Audience to Resistant Actors |
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286 | (2) |
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Interpretive Resistance and Feminist Politics |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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Content Creation and Distribution |
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288 | (10) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (3) |
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Who Are the Content Creators? |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Users as Gatekeepers and Distributors |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Media Influence |
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300 | (41) |
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Learning from Media Effects Research |
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301 | (1) |
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Early Works: Establishing the Agenda |
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302 | (3) |
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302 | (1) |
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Entertainment and Children |
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303 | (1) |
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Mass Society and Media Influence |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (2) |
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Limited Effects and the Two-Step Flow of Influence |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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Highlighting Media Influence |
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307 | (6) |
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Agenda Setting and Framing |
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307 | (2) |
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Framing: Second-Level Agenda Setting |
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308 | (1) |
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New Agenda-Setting Players in the Internet Era |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (3) |
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The Concept of Mediatization |
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314 | (1) |
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The Mediatization of Society and Media Logic |
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315 | (1) |
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The Mediatization of Politics |
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316 | (12) |
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317 | (3) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (1) |
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The Decline of Political Parties |
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320 | (1) |
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Communication Professionals and "Post-Truth" Politics |
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321 | (3) |
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Working with the News Media |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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The Internet's Uncertain Political Future |
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326 | (2) |
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Digital Dilemmas: Online Media Influence |
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328 | (12) |
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Social Media Logic and Algorithmic Power |
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328 | (3) |
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331 | (1) |
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Information Distortions: Misinformation and Echo Chambers |
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332 | (2) |
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Computational Propaganda: Trolls and Twitter Bots |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (1) |
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Managing our Social Selves |
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337 | (3) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
| Part VI Afterword |
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341 | (32) |
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Chapter 10 Globalization and the Future of Media |
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342 | (31) |
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343 | (5) |
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Crossing Limits of Time and Space |
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344 | (1) |
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Crossing Cultural Boundaries |
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345 | (1) |
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The Promise and Reality of Media Globalization |
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346 | (2) |
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The Global Media Industry |
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348 | (7) |
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Global Products, Centralized Ownership |
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348 | (2) |
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Traditional Media: Disney Worldwide |
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350 | (2) |
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The New Global Media Giants: Google and Facebook |
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352 | (3) |
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Interpreting Global Media Content |
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355 | (5) |
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Cultural Imperialism and Its Limits |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (6) |
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The Politics of Information Flow |
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360 | (3) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (2) |
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Global Media Users: Limits of the "Global Village" |
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366 | (3) |
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The Ubiquity of Change and the Future of Media |
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369 | (2) |
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371 | (2) |
| References |
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373 | (42) |
| Index |
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415 | (50) |
| About the Authors |
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465 | |
