| Preface |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
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1 | (26) |
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Chapter 1 Media/Society in a Digital World |
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3 | (24) |
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4 | (5) |
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Models of Communication Media |
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9 | (4) |
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Interpersonal and "Mass" Communication |
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9 | (1) |
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Variable Boundaries and Active Users |
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10 | (1) |
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Communication Today: A First Look |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (6) |
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The Sociological Perspective |
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13 | (1) |
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Structural Constraint and Human Agency |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Structure and Agency in the Media |
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16 | (1) |
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Relationships between the Media and Other Social Institutions |
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17 | (1) |
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Relationships within the Media Industry |
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17 | (1) |
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Relationships between the Media and the Public |
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18 | (1) |
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A Model of Media and the Social World |
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19 | (2) |
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Applying the Model: Civil Rights in Two Media Eras |
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21 | (4) |
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Mid-20th-Century Civil Rights Movement |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (44) |
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Chapter 2 The Evolution of Media Technology |
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29 | (42) |
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The History of Media Technology |
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29 | (4) |
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Technological Determinism |
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33 | (7) |
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34 | (1) |
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"Autonomous Technology" and "Technological Momentum" |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (20) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (4) |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (4) |
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57 | (1) |
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Television and Daily Life |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (6) |
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62 | (3) |
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65 | (1) |
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Some Characteristics of the Internet Era |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (140) |
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Chapter 3 The Economics of the Media Industry |
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73 | (48) |
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Media Companies in the Internet Era |
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74 | (4) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Changing Patterns of Ownership |
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78 | (16) |
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Concentration of Ownership |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Conglomeration and Integration |
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85 | (4) |
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Strategy in a New Media Economy |
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89 | (1) |
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The Power of Platforms: Facebook and Google as New Media Giants |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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Consequences of Conglomeration and Integration |
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94 | (3) |
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Integration and Self-Promotion |
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95 | (1) |
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The Impact of Conglomeration |
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95 | (2) |
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The Effects of Concentration |
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97 | (7) |
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Media Control and Political Power |
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97 | (4) |
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Media Ownership and Content Diversity |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (6) |
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104 | (2) |
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Cheaper Programs for Smaller Audiences |
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106 | (1) |
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Controlling Content and Distribution |
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107 | (1) |
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Profit and the News Media |
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108 | (2) |
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The Impact of Advertising |
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110 | (8) |
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The Advertising--Content Connection |
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111 | (2) |
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Advertising and the Press in the 19th Century |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Advertising and the Contemporary News Media |
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115 | (3) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Political Influence on Media |
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121 | (50) |
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121 | (2) |
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Free Speech to Free Markets: The Evolution of U.S. Regulatory Policy |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (4) |
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125 | (3) |
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Regulation in International Perspective |
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128 | (1) |
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Regulation in Western Democracies |
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128 | (3) |
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Regulation in Developing Nations |
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130 | (1) |
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Competing Interests and the Regulation Debate |
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131 | (1) |
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Industry Influence: Elections and Lobbying |
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131 | (6) |
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Citizen Action: The Case of Low-Power Radio |
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133 | (2) |
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Left and Right: Diversity versus Property Rights |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (6) |
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Copyright and Intellectual Property |
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140 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (11) |
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Diversity: The Fairness Doctrine |
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144 | (2) |
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Morality: Obscene Materials |
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146 | (1) |
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Self-Regulation: Censorship and Ratings |
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147 | (1) |
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Movie Censorship and the Ratings System |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
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Music Parental Advisory Labels and Video Games |
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151 | (1) |
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The "National Interest": Military Censorship |
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151 | (3) |
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Regulating Access and Distribution |
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154 | (12) |
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154 | (1) |
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The Concept of Net Neutrality |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Vertical Integration: Movies, TV, and Streaming |
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157 | (1) |
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The Hollywood Studio System |
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157 | (1) |
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Television's Fin-Syn Regulations |
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158 | (1) |
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Netflix and the Streaming Wars |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (3) |
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165 | (1) |
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Informal Political, Social, and Economic Pressure |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Media Organizations and Professionals |
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171 | (40) |
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The Limits of Economic and Political Constraints |
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171 | (3) |
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Working within Economic Constraints |
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172 | (1) |
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Responding to Political Constraints |
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173 | (1) |
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Decision Making for Profit: Imitation, Hits, and Stars |
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174 | (8) |
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High Costs and Unpredictable Tastes |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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Stars and the "Hit System" |
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177 | (1) |
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Creating Hits and Producing Stars |
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178 | (1) |
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Using Stars to Combat Uncertainty |
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179 | (2) |
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Beyond Stars to a Universe of Products |
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181 | (1) |
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The Organization of Media Work |
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182 | (15) |
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182 | (2) |
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News Routines and Their Consequences |
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184 | (3) |
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Technology and the New News Routines |
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187 | (1) |
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Increased Economic Pressure |
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187 | (1) |
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Expanded Volume and Diversified Sourcing |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Presentation and Engagement to Promote Traffic |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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The Origins of Objectivity |
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193 | (1) |
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Objectivity as Routine Practices and Their Political Consequences |
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194 | (1) |
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Rejecting Objectivity: Alternative Journalism |
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195 | (2) |
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Occupational Roles and Professional Socialization |
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197 | (9) |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (1) |
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Socialization of Photographers |
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200 | (1) |
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Editorial Decision Making |
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201 | (1) |
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The Work of the Book Editor |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (2) |
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Norms on the Internet, New Media, and New Organizations |
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206 | (3) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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PART IV CONTENT: MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF THE SOCIAL WORLD |
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211 | (86) |
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Chapter 6 Media and Ideology |
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213 | (40) |
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213 | (5) |
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Ideology and the "Real" World |
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213 | (2) |
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Dominant Ideology versus Cultural Contradictions |
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215 | (1) |
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The "Culture War" Battles over Ideology |
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216 | (1) |
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Ideology as Normalization |
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217 | (1) |
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Theoretical Roots of Ideological Analysis |
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218 | (6) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (4) |
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News Media and the Limits of Debate |
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224 | (4) |
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225 | (1) |
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Economic News as Ideological Construct |
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226 | (2) |
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Movies, the Military, and Masculinity |
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228 | (4) |
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229 | (1) |
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Vietnam Films and Recent War Films |
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230 | (2) |
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Television, Popularity, and Ideology |
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232 | (7) |
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233 | (2) |
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Television and the Changing American Family |
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235 | (3) |
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Revising Tradition: The New Momism |
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238 | (1) |
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Rap Music as Ideological Critique? |
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239 | (3) |
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Advertising and Consumer Culture |
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242 | (3) |
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Selling Consumerism in the Early 20th Century |
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244 | (1) |
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Advertising and the Globalization of Culture |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Social Inequality and Media Representation |
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253 | (44) |
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Comparing Media Content and the "Real" World |
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254 | (2) |
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The Significance of Content |
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256 | (2) |
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Content as Reflection of Producers |
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256 | (1) |
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Content as Reflection of Audience Preference |
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257 | (1) |
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Content as Reflection of Society in General |
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257 | (1) |
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Content as an Influence on Audiences |
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257 | (1) |
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Content as Self-Enclosed Text |
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258 | (1) |
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Race, Ethnicity, and Media Content: Inclusion, Roles, and Control |
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258 | (17) |
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Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Media Content |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Growing Diversity and Abundance amid Audience Fragmentation |
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263 | (3) |
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Race, Ethnicity, and Media Roles |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Slow Change and "Modern" Racism |
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267 | (5) |
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272 | (1) |
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Controlling Media Images of Race |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (6) |
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Women: Presence and Control in the Media |
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276 | (1) |
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Changing Media Roles for Women and Men |
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277 | (2) |
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The Case of Women's Sports |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (11) |
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281 | (1) |
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Family-Based Situation Comedies |
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282 | (3) |
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Tabloid Talk Shows and Reality Television |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (1) |
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Explaining Class Images: "Some People Are More Valuable Than Others" |
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290 | (2) |
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Sexual Orientation: Out of the Closet and into the Media |
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292 | (4) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (82) |
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Chapter 8 Audiences and Creators |
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299 | (34) |
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The Active Audience: Balancing Agency and Structure |
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299 | (4) |
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Polysemy: Media's Multiple Meanings |
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300 | (2) |
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Interpretive Constraint: Encoding/Decoding and Social Structure |
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302 | (1) |
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Decoding Meanings and Social Position |
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303 | (9) |
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Class and Nationwide News |
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303 | (1) |
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Gender, Class, and Television |
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304 | (1) |
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Race, News, and Meaning Making |
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305 | (2) |
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Resistance and Feminist Identity |
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307 | (1) |
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International Readings of Literature |
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308 | (1) |
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Making Meaning Online: Second Screens |
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309 | (1) |
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Social Position Online: Black Twitter |
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310 | (2) |
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The Social Context of Media Use |
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312 | (4) |
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The Pleasures of Media: Celebrity Games |
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312 | (2) |
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Romance Novels and the Act of Reading |
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314 | (1) |
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Watching Television with the Family |
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315 | (1) |
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The Limits of Interpretation |
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316 | (4) |
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Interpretive Resistance and Feminist Politics |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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Content Creation and Distribution |
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320 | (10) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (2) |
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Who Are the Content Creators? |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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Users as Gatekeepers and Distributors |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Media Influence |
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333 | (46) |
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Learning from Media Effects Research |
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333 | (2) |
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Early Works: Establishing the Agenda |
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335 | (3) |
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335 | (1) |
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Entertainment and Children |
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336 | (1) |
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Mass Society and Media Influence |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (2) |
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Limited Effects and the Two-Step Flow of Influence |
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338 | (2) |
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340 | (1) |
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Highlighting Media Influence |
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340 | (7) |
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Agenda Setting and Framing |
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341 | (1) |
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Framing: Second-Level Agenda Setting |
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342 | (1) |
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New Agenda-Setting Players in the Internet Era |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (2) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (4) |
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The Concept of Mediatization |
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348 | (1) |
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The Mediatization of Society and Media Logic |
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349 | (2) |
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The Mediatization of Politics |
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351 | (13) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (2) |
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354 | (1) |
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The Decline of Political Parties |
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355 | (1) |
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Communication Professionals and "Post-Truth" Politics |
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356 | (1) |
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Working with the News Media |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (1) |
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The Internet's Uncertain Political Future |
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363 | (1) |
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Digital Dilemmas: Online Media Influence |
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364 | (14) |
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Social Media Logic and Algorithmic Power |
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364 | (3) |
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367 | (2) |
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Information Distortions: Misinformation and Echo Chambers |
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369 | (2) |
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Computational Propaganda: Trolls and Twitter Bots |
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371 | (2) |
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373 | (2) |
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Managing Our Social Selves |
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375 | (3) |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (36) |
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Chapter 10 Globalization and the Future of Media |
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381 | (34) |
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382 | (5) |
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Crossing Limits of Time and Space |
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383 | (1) |
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Crossing Cultural Boundaries |
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384 | (1) |
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The Promise and Reality of Media Globalization |
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385 | (2) |
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The Global Media Industry |
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387 | (8) |
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Global Products, Centralized Ownership |
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387 | (2) |
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Traditional Media: Disney Worldwide |
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389 | (3) |
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The New Global Media Giants: Google and Facebook |
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392 | (3) |
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Interpreting Global Media Content |
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395 | (6) |
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Cultural Imperialism and Its Limits |
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395 | (3) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (3) |
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401 | (7) |
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The Politics of Information Flow |
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401 | (3) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (3) |
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Global Media Users: Limits of the "Global Village" |
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408 | (3) |
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The Ubiquity of Change and the Future of Media |
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411 | (2) |
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413 | (2) |
| References |
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415 | (40) |
| Index |
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455 | (42) |
| About the Authors |
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497 | |
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām