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E-grāmata: Medicinal Plants and Malaria: Applications, Trends, and Prospects

, , (National University of Singapore),
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Malaria is a potentially life-threatening disease that affects millions worldwide, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. The recent emergence and spread of multidrug resistance in parts of Southeast Asia prompts the urgent need for novel and effective therapy against the disease. Medicinal Plants and Malaria: Applications, Trends, and Prospects highlights the therapeutic potential of plants for treating malaria. It collates useful information on malaria, current prevention and treatment, and scientific research carried out.

This up-to-date book details the medicinal plant species used in treating malaria and describes the plant parts used, methods of preparation, and doses where available. The book begins with a brief introduction of malaria, and covers its epidemiology and implications on public health, the life cycle of Plasmodium parasites, clinical presentation of the disease, currently available antimalarial drugs and their roles in therapy, and medicinal plants used for malaria, including those that are currently in clinical use in various countries.

It discusses the latest findings from ethnobotanical research, the challenges and isolation of antiplasmodial phytochemicals from medicinal plants, and the results from clinical trials and public health interventions using medicinal plants. This book has something for everyone, serving as a vital resource for students, teachers, healthcare professionals, and researchers interested in medicinal plants and promising antimalarial preparations. It will also appeal to those in the general public who are interested in herbal medicine and how plants can be used to prevent and treat malaria.
List of Figures
xiii
List of Tables
xv
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Guide to Using This Book xxiii
Authors xxv
List of Abbreviations
xxvii
Chapter 1 Malaria: An Overview
1(8)
1.1 Epidemiology and Implications on Public Health
1(2)
1.2 The Plasmodium Life Cycle
3(2)
1.3 The Disease
5(4)
References
6(3)
Chapter 2 Current Antimalarial Drugs
9(40)
2.1 Drugs for Treatment of Malaria
9(1)
2.2 Drugs for Prevention of Malaria
9(36)
2.3 Emergency Standby Treatment
45(4)
References
47(2)
Chapter 3 Research on Medicinal Plants for Malaria
49(60)
3.1 The Need for Medicinal Plants
49(1)
3.2 Ethnobotanical Research of Plants Used to Treat Malaria
50(15)
3.2.1 Global Use of Medicinal Plants for Malaria
51(1)
3.2.2 Prioritizing Plants for Further Research
51(6)
3.2.3 Methods of Preparation, Plant Parts Used, and Dosing Regimens
57(6)
3.2.4 Indications for Use
63(1)
3.2.5 Challenges
64(1)
3.3 Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Plants for Antimalarial Drug Discovery
65(4)
3.3.1 Extraction of Plant Materials
66(1)
3.3.2 Antimalarial Bioassay Screening
66(1)
3.3.2.1 Blood-Stage Screening
67(1)
3.3.2.2 Liver-Stage Screening
68(1)
3.4 Chemical Classes of Compounds Isolated
69(22)
3.5 Conservation of Medicinal Plants
91(18)
3.5.1 Introduction
91(1)
3.5.2 Brief History
91(1)
3.5.3 Methods for Plant Conservation
92(1)
3.5.4 Conservation Status of Plants Used in Malaria Treatment
92(3)
References
95(14)
Chapter 4 Selected Antimalarial Plants
109(26)
4.1 Antimalarial Plants as a Source of Novel Therapeutic Leads
109(12)
4.1.1 Artemisia annua L. (Compositae)
109(1)
4.1.1.1 Mode of Action
109(1)
4.1.1.2 Phytochemistry and Comparison between Preparations
110(1)
4.1.1.3 Clinical Trials
111(1)
4.1.1.4 Derivatives
111(1)
4.1.1.5 Place in Therapy
111(1)
4.1.1.6 Mechanisms of Resistance
111(1)
4.1.1.7 Adverse Effects, Toxicity, and Use in Pregnancy
111(2)
4.1.1.8 Herb--Drug Interactions
113(1)
4.1.2 Bark of the Cinchona Species (Rubiaceae)
113(1)
4.1.2.1 Mode of Action
114(1)
4.1.2.2 Phytochemistry
114(1)
4.1.2.3 Clinical Trials
114(1)
4.1.2.4 Derivatives
115(1)
4.1.2.5 Place in Therapy
115(1)
4.1.2.6 Mechanisms of Resistance
115(1)
4.1.2.7 Adverse Effects, Toxicity, and Use in Pregnancy
116(1)
4.1.2.8 Herb--Drug Interactions
116(1)
4.1.3 Dichroa febrifuga Lour. (Saxifragaceae)
117(1)
4.1.3.1 Mode of Action
117(1)
4.1.3.2 Phytochemistry
118(1)
4.1.3.3 Pharmacological Studies
118(1)
4.1.3.4 Clinical Trials
118(1)
4.1.3.5 Derivatives
118(1)
4.1.3.6 Place in Therapy
119(1)
4.1.3.7 Mechanism of Resistance
119(1)
4.1.3.8 Adverse Effects, Toxicity, and Use in Pregnancy
119(1)
4.1.3.9 Herb--Drug Interactions
119(1)
4.1.4 Vernonia amygdalina Delile. (Compositae)
119(1)
4.1.4.1 Mode of Action
120(1)
4.1.4.2 Phytochemistry
120(1)
4.1.4.3 Pharmacological Studies
120(1)
4.1.4.4 Clinical Trials
120(1)
4.1.4.5 Derivatives
121(1)
4.1.4.6 Place in Therapy
121(1)
4.1.4.7 Mechanism of Resistance
121(1)
4.1.4.8 Adverse Effects, Toxicity, and Use in Pregnancy
121(1)
4.1.4.9 Herb--Drug Interactions
121(1)
4.2 Herbal Preparations in Clinical Use
121(14)
4.2.1 Sumafoura Tiemoko Bengaly
122(3)
4.2.2 N'Dribala
125(1)
4.2.3 Phyto-laria
125(1)
4.2.4 PR 259 CT1
126(1)
References
127(8)
Chapter 5 Conclusion
135(4)
Appendix
139(278)
References
403(14)
Index 417
Woon-Chien Teng is a PhD candidate in the Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore (NUS). She graduated with a BSc (Pharmacy) (Honors) from NUS. Teng is also a registered pharmacist with the Singapore Pharmacy Council. She has previously worked as a pharmacist at Changi General Hospital, Singapore and as a preregistration pharmacist at Kandang Kerbau Womens and Childrens Hospital, Singapore.

Ho Han Kiat is an Associate Professor at the Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore (NUS). He received his BSc (Pharmacy) with first class honors from NUS in 2000. Subsequently, he obtained his PhD in medicinal chemistry from the University of Washington in 2005, investigating the molecular mechanisms of specific drug-induced liver toxicity. After that, he returned to Singapore for a 3-year postdoctoral fellowship investigating the roles of tyrosine kinases for various malignancies. Presently, he directs a toxicology division within the Drug Development Unit at NUS. He has published more than 40 papers in internationally recognized journals and has won multiple university-level teaching excellence awards.

Rossarin Suwanarusk is a Research Scientist with the Malaria Immunobiology Group at the Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR. She graduated with a PhD from Mahidol University (Medical Technology), Thailand, in 2003. Suwanarusk is well known for her research on the pathobiology and drug-resistance markers of Plasmodium vivax. She has published more than 30 articles in international peer-reviewed journals, including Nature, Science, Blood, and Journal of Infectious Diseases.

Hwee-Ling Koh is an Associate Professor at the Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore (NUS). She graduated with a PhD from the University of Cambridge (United Kingdom), as well as with a BSc (Pharmacy) (Honors) and MSc (Pharmacy) from NUS. She is a registered pharmacist with the Singapore Pharmacy Council. She has been teaching and carrying out research on traditional Chinese medicine and medicinal plants at NUS for more than 15 years. Her research areas include quality control and safety of botanical products, and the study of natural products and medicinal plants as potential sources of lead compounds of novel therapeutics.
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