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E-grāmata: Microgrid Technologies [Wiley Online]

Edited by (Anna University, Chennai, India), Edited by (Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark), Edited by (Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark), Edited by (Anna University, Chennai, India)
  • Formāts: 560 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Apr-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1119710901
  • ISBN-13: 9781119710905
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Microgrid TechnologiesPalielināt
  • Formāts: 560 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Apr-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1119710901
  • ISBN-13: 9781119710905
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Wiley Online E-booksMore info about Wiley Online
Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119710905
"Microgrid technology is an emerging area, and it has numerous advantages over the conventional power grid. A microgrid is defined as Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and interconnected loads with clearly defined electrical boundaries that act as a single controllable entity concerning the grid. Microgrid technology enables the connection and disconnection of the system from the grid. That is, the microgrid can operate both in grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. Microgrid technologies are an important part of the evolving landscape of energy and power systems. Many aspects of microgrids are discussed in this volume, including, in the early chapters of the book, the various types of energy storage systems, power and energy management for microgrids, power electronics interface for AC & DC microgrids, battery management systems for microgrid applications, power system analysis for microgrids, and many others. The middle section of the book presents the power quality problems in microgrid systems and its mitigations, gives an overview of various power quality problems and its solutions, describes the PSO algorithm based UPQC controller for power quality enhancement, describes the power quality enhancement and grid support through a solar energy conversion system, presents the fuzzy logic-based power quality assessments, and covers various power quality indices. The final chapters in the book present the recent advancements in the microgrids, applications of Internet of Things (IoT) for microgrids, the application of artificial intelligent techniques, modeling of green energy smart meter for microgrids, communication networks for microgrids, and other aspects of microgrid technologies. Valuable as a learning tool for beginners in this area as well as a daily reference for engineers and scientists working in the area of microgrids, this is a must-have for any library"--

Microgrid technology is an emerging area, and it has numerous advantages over the conventional power grid. A microgrid is defined as Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and interconnected loads with clearly defined electrical boundaries that act as a single controllable entity concerning the grid. Microgrid technology enables the connection and disconnection of the system from the grid. That is, the microgrid can operate both in grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. Microgrid technologies are an important part of the evolving landscape of energy and power systems.

Many aspects of microgrids are discussed in this volume, including, in the early chapters of the book, the various types of energy storage systems, power and energy management for microgrids, power electronics interface for AC & DC microgrids, battery management systems for microgrid applications, power system analysis for microgrids, and many others. 

The middle section of the book presents the power quality problems in microgrid systems and its mitigations, gives an overview of various power quality problems and its solutions, describes the PSO algorithm based UPQC controller for power quality enhancement, describes the power quality enhancement and grid support through a solar energy conversion system, presents the fuzzy logic-based power quality assessments, and covers various power quality indices.

The final chapters in the book present the recent advancements in the microgrids, applications of Internet of Things (IoT) for microgrids, the application of artificial intelligent techniques, modeling of green energy smart meter for microgrids, communication networks for microgrids, and other aspects of microgrid technologies. 

Valuable as a learning tool for beginners in this area as well as a daily reference for engineers and scientists working in the area of microgrids, this is a must-have for any library. 

Foreword xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
1 A Comprehensive Review on Energy Management in Micro-Grid System 1(24)
Sanjay Kumar
R.K. Saket
P. Sanjeevikumar
Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen
1.1 Introduction
2(4)
1.2 Generation and Storage System in MicroGrid
6(4)
1.2.1 Distributed Generation of Electrical Power
6(1)
1.2.2 Incorporation of Electric Car in Micro-Grid as a Device for Backup
7(1)
1.2.3 Power and Heat Integration in Management System
8(1)
1.2.4 Combination of Heat and Electrical Power System
9(1)
1.3 System of Energy Management
10(6)
1.3.1 Classification of MSE
10(1)
1.3.1.1 MSE Based on Conventional Sources
10(1)
1.3.1.2 MSE Based on SSE
10(1)
1.3.1.3 MSE Based on DSM
11(1)
1.3.1.4 MSE Based on Hybrid System
11(1)
1.3.2 Steps of MSE During Problem Solving
11(2)
1.3.2.1 Prediction of Uncertain Parameters
12(1)
1.3.2.2 Uncertainty Modeling
12(1)
1.3.2.3 Mathematical Formulation
12(1)
1.3.2.4 Optimization
13(1)
1.3.3 Micro-Grid in Islanded Mode
13(1)
1.3.3.1 Objective Functions and Constraints of System
13(1)
1.3.4 Micro-Grid Operation in Grid-Connected Mode
14(12)
1.3.4.1 Objective Functions and Constraints of the Systems
14(2)
1.4 Algorithms Used in Optimizing Energy Management System
16(3)
1.5 Conclusion
19(1)
References
20(5)
2 Power and Energy Management in Microgrid 25(32)
Jayesh J. Joglekar
2.1 Introduction
25(1)
2.2 Microgrid Structure
26(5)
2.2.1 Selection of Source for DG
27(6)
2.2.1.1 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
27(1)
2.2.1.2 Mathematical Modeling of PAFC Fuel Cell
27(4)
2.3 Power Flow Management in Microgrid
31(2)
2.4 Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller (GUPFC)
33(5)
2.4.1 Mathematical Modeling of GUPFC
34(4)
2.5 Active GUPFC
38(15)
2.5.1 Active GUPFC Control System
39(4)
2.5.1.1 Series Converter
40(2)
2.5.1.2 Shunt Converter
42(1)
2.5.2 Simulation of Active GUPFC With General Test System
43(1)
2.5.3 Simulation of Active GUPFC With IEEE 9 Bus Test System
43(9)
2.5.3.1 Test Case: 1-Without GUPFC and Without Fuel Cell
45(2)
2.5.3.2 Test Case: 2-Without GUPFC and With Fuel Cell
47(1)
2.5.3.3 Test Case: 3-With GUPFC and Without Fuel Cell
48(1)
2.5.3.4 Test Case: 4-With GUPFC and With Fuel Cell
49(1)
2.5.3.5 Test Case: 5-With Active GUPFC
49(3)
2.5.4 Summary
52(1)
2.6 Appendix General Test System
53(2)
2.6.1 IEEE 9 Bus Test System
53(2)
References
55(2)
3 Review of Energy Storage System for Microgrid 57(34)
G.V. Brahmendra Kumar
K. Palanisamy
3.1 Introduction
58(2)
3.2 Detailed View of ESS
60(2)
3.2.1 Configuration of ESS
60(1)
3.2.2 Structure of ESS With Other Devices
60(2)
3.2.3 ESS Classifications
62(1)
3.3 Types of ESS
62(15)
3.3.1 Mechanical ESS
62(1)
3.3.2 Flywheel ESS
63(1)
3.3.3 CAES System
64(1)
3.3.4 PHS System
65(1)
3.3.5 CES Systems
66(1)
3.3.6 Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES)
67(1)
3.3.7 Battery-Based ESS
68(3)
3.3.8 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) System
71(2)
3.3.8.1 Capacitors
71(1)
3.3.8.2 Supercapacitors (SCs)
72(1)
3.3.9 SMES
73(1)
3.3.10 Thermal Energy Storage Systems (TESS)
74(3)
3.3.10.1 SHS
75(1)
3.3.10.2 Latent
75(1)
3.3.10.3 Absorption
75(1)
3.3.10.4 Hybrid ESS
76(1)
3.4 Comparison of Current ESS on Large Scale
77(1)
3.5 Importance of Storage in Modern Power Systems
77(4)
3.5.1 Generation Balance and Fluctuation in Demand
77(1)
3.5.2 Intermediate Penetration of Renewable Energy
77(3)
3.5.3 Use of the Grid
80(1)
3.5.4 Operations on the Market
80(1)
3.5.5 Flexibility in Scheduling
80(1)
3.5.6 Peak Shaving Support
80(1)
3.5.7 Improve the Quality of Power
81(1)
3.5.8 Carbon Emission Control
81(1)
3.5.9 Improvement of Service Efficiency
81(1)
3.5.10 Emergency Assistance and Support for Black Start
81(1)
3.6 ESS Issues and Challenges
81(3)
3.6.1 Selection of Materials
82(1)
3.6.2 ESS Size and Cost
82(1)
3.6.3 Energy Management System
83(1)
3.6.4 Impact on the Environment
83(1)
3.6.5 Issues of Safety
83(1)
3.7 Conclusion
84(1)
Acknowledgment
85(1)
References
85(6)
4 Single Phase Inverter Fuzzy Logic Phase Locked Loop 91(30)
Maxwell Sibanyoni
S.P. Daniel Chowdhury
L.I. Ngoma
4.1 Introduction
91(1)
4.2 PLL Synchronization Techniques
92(9)
4.2.1 T/4 Transport Delay PLL
95(1)
4.2.2 Inverse Park Transform PLL
96(1)
4.2.3 Enhanced PLL
97(1)
4.2.4 Second Order Generalized Integrator Orthogonal Signal Generator Synchronous Reference Frame (SOGI-OSG SRF) PLL
98(1)
4.2.5 Cascaded Generalized Integrator PLL (CGI-PLL)
99(1)
4.2.6 Cascaded Delayed Signal Cancellation PLL
100(1)
4.3 Fuzzy Logic Control
101(2)
4.4 Fuzzy Logic PLL Model
103(7)
4.4.1 Fuzzification
103(2)
4.4.2 Inference Engine
105(3)
4.4.3 Defuzzification
108(2)
4.5 Simulation and Analysis of Results
110(8)
4.5.1 Test Signal Generator
110(3)
4.5.2 Proposed SOGI FLC PLL Performance Under Fault Conditions
113(9)
4.5.2.1 Test Case 1
113(1)
4.5.2.2 Test Case 2
114(1)
4.5.2.3 Test Case 3
115(1)
4.5.2.4 Test Case 4
115(1)
4.5.2.5 Test Case 5
116(1)
4.5.2.6 Test Case 6
117(1)
4.6 Conclusion
118(1)
Acknowledgment
118(1)
References
119(2)
5 Power Electronics Interfaces in Microgrid Applications 121(24)
Indrajit Sarkar
5.1 Introduction
122(1)
5.2 Microgrid Classification
122(5)
5.2.1 AC Microgrid
122(2)
5.2.2 DC Microgrids
124(2)
5.2.3 Hybrid Microgrid
126(1)
5.3 Role of Power Electronics in Microgrid Application
127(1)
5.4 Power Converters
128(15)
5.4.1 DC/DC Converters
128(1)
5.4.2 Non-Isolated DC/DC Converters
129(6)
5.4.2.1 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
130(5)
5.4.3 Isolated DC/DC Converters
135(2)
5.4.4 AC to DC Converters
137(2)
5.4.5 DC to AC Converters
139(4)
5.5 Conclusion
143(1)
References
143(2)
6 Reconfigurable Battery Management System for Microgrid Application 145(32)
S. Saravanan
P. Pandiyan
T. Chinnadurai
Ramji
Tiwari
N. Prabaharan
R. Senthil Kumar
P. Lenin Pugalhanthi
6.1 Introduction
146(1)
6.2 Individual Cell Properties
147(2)
6.2.1 Modeling of Cell
147(1)
6.2.1.1 Second Order Model
147(1)
6.2.2 Simplified Non-Linear Model
148(1)
6.3 State of Charge
149(1)
6.4 State of Health
150(1)
6.5 Battery Life
150(1)
6.6 Rate Discharge Effect
151(1)
6.7 Recovery Effect
152(1)
6.8 Conventional Methods and its Issues
152(2)
6.8.1 Series Connected
152(2)
6.8.2 Parallel Connected
154(1)
6.9 Series-Parallel Connections
154(1)
6.10 Evolution of Battery Management System
155(8)
6.10.1 Necessity for Reconfigurable BMS
156(1)
6.10.2 Conventional R-BMS Methods
156(8)
6.10.2.1 First Design
157(1)
6.10.2.2 Series Topology
158(1)
6.10.2.3 Self X Topology
158(1)
6.10.2.4 Dependable Efficient Scalable Architecture Method
159(1)
6.10.2.5 Genetic Algorithm-Based Method
160(1)
6.10.2.6 Graph-Based Technique
161(1)
6.10.2.7 Power Tree-Based Technique
162(1)
6.11 Modeling of Reconfigurable-BMS
163(1)
6.12 Real Time Design Aspects
164(7)
6.12.1 Sensing Module Stage
165(1)
6.12.2 Control Module Stage
165(2)
6.12.2.1 Health Factor of Reconfiguration
166(1)
6.12.2.2 Reconfiguration Time Delay and Transient Load Supply
166(1)
6.12.3 Actuation Module
167(4)
6.12.3.1 Order of Switching
167(2)
6.12.3.2 Stress and Faults of Switches
169(1)
6.12.3.3 Determining Number of Cells in a Module
170(1)
6.13 Opportunities and Challenges
171(2)
6.13.1 Modeling and Simulation
171(1)
6.13.2 Hardware Design
171(1)
6.13.3 Granularity
171(1)
6.13.4 Hardware Overhead
172(1)
6.13.5 Intelligent Algorithms
172(1)
6.13.6 Distributed Reconfigurable Battery Systems
172(1)
6.14 Conclusion
173(1)
References
173(4)
7 Load Flow Analysis for Micro Grid 177(20)
P. Sivaraman
C. Sharmeela
S. Elango
7.1 Introduction
177(2)
7.1.1 Islanded Mode of Operation
178(1)
7.1.2 Grid Connected Mode of Operation
178(1)
7.2 Load Flow Analysis for Micro Grid
179(1)
7.3 Example
179(1)
7.3.1 Power Source
180(1)
7.4 Energy Storage System
180(2)
7.5 Connected Loads
182(1)
7.6 Reactive Power Compensation
182(1)
7.7 Modeling and Simulation
182(11)
7.7.1 Case 1
182(2)
7.7.2 Case 2
184(3)
7.7.3 Case 3
187(2)
7.7.4 Case 4
189(2)
7.7.5 Case 5
191(2)
7.8 Conclusion
193(2)
References
195(2)
8 AC Microgrid Protection Coordination 197(30)
Ali M. Eltamaly
Yehia Sayed Mohamed
Abou-Hashema M. El-Sayed
Amer Nasr A. Elghaffar
8.1 Introduction
197(3)
8.2 Fault Analysis
200(8)
8.2.1 Symmetrical Fault Analysis
201(1)
8.2.2 Single Line to Ground Fault
202(2)
8.2.3 Line-to-Line Fault
204(2)
8.2.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault
206(2)
8.3 Protection Coordination
208(13)
8.3.1 Overcurrent Protection
209(2)
8.3.2 Directional Overcurrent/Earth Fault Function
211(3)
8.3.3 Distance Protection Function
214(3)
8.3.4 Distance Acceleration Scheme
217(2)
8.3.5 Under/Over Voltage/Frequency Protection
219(2)
8.4 Conclusion
221(3)
Acknowledgment
224(1)
References
224(3)
9 A Numerical Approach for Estimating Emulated Inertia With Decentralized Frequency Control of Energy Storage Units for Hybrid Renewable Energy Microgrid System 227(28)
Shubham Tiwari
Jai Govind Singh
Weerakorn Ongsakul
9.1 Introduction
228(3)
9.2 Proposed Methodology
231(7)
9.2.1 Response in Conventional Grids
231(1)
9.2.2 Strategy for Digital Inertia Emulation in Hybrid Renewable Energy Microgrids
232(3)
9.2.3 Proposed Mathematical Formulation for Estimation of Digital Inertia Constant for Static Renewable Energy Sources
235(3)
9.3 Results and Discussions
238(14)
9.3.1 Test System
238(3)
9.3.2 Simulation and Study of Case 1
241(5)
9.3.2.1 Investigation of Scenario A
241(2)
9.3.2.2 Investigation of Scenario B
243(2)
9.3.2.3 Discussion for Case 1
245(1)
9.3.3 Simulation and Study of Case 2
246(4)
9.3.3.1 Investigation of Scenario A
246(2)
9.3.3.2 Investigation of Scenario B
248(2)
9.3.3.3 Discussion for Case 2
250(1)
9.3.4 Simulation and Study for Case 3
250(6)
9.3.4.1 Discussion for Case 3
251(1)
9.4 Conclusion
252(1)
References
253(2)
10 Power Quality Issues in Microgrid and its Solutions 255(32)
R. Zahira
D. Lakshmi
C.N. Ravi
10.1 Introduction
256(2)
10.1.1 Benefits of Microgrid
257(1)
10.1.2 Microgrid Architecture
257(1)
10.1.3 Main Components of Microgrid
258(1)
10.2 Classification of Microgrids
258(2)
10.2.1 Other Classifications
259(1)
10.2.2 Based on Function Demand
259(1)
10.2.3 By AC/DC Type
259(1)
10.3 DC Microgrid
260(1)
10.3.1 Purpose of the DC Microgrid System
260(1)
10.4 AC Microgrid
261(1)
10.5 AC/DC Microgrid
262(1)
10.6 Enhancement of Voltage Profile by the Inclusion of RES
263(4)
10.6.1 Sample Microgrid
263(4)
10.7 Power Quality in Microgrid
267(3)
10.8 Power Quality Disturbances
270(1)
10.9 International Standards for Power Quality
270(1)
10.10 Power Quality Disturbances in Microgrid
271(1)
10.10.1 Modeling of Microgrid
271(1)
10.11 Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) Design
272(4)
10.11.1 Reference Current Generation
274(2)
10.12 Control Techniques of SAPF
276(1)
10.13 SPWM Controller
277(1)
10.14 Sliding Mode Controller
277(1)
10.15 Fuzzy-PI Controller
278(1)
10.16 GWO-PI Controller
279(2)
10.17 Metaphysical Description of Optimization Problems With GWO
281(3)
10.18 Conclusion
284(1)
References
285(2)
11 Power Quality Improvement in Microgrid System Using PSO-Based UPQC Controller 287(22)
T. Eswara Rao
Krishna Mohan Tatikonda
S. Elango
J. Charan Kumar
11.1 Introduction
288(1)
11.2 Microgrid System
289(4)
11.2.1 Wind Energy System
290(1)
11.2.1.1 Modeling of Wind Turbine System
290(1)
11.2.2 Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm
291(1)
11.2.3 MPPT Converter
291(2)
11.3 Unified Power Quality Conditioner
293(4)
11.3.1 UPQC Series Converter
293(2)
11.3.2 UPQC Shunt APF Controller
295(2)
11.4 Particle Swarm Optimization
297(2)
11.4.1 Velocity Function
297(1)
11.4.2 Analysis of PSO Technique
298(1)
11.5 Simulation and Results
299(5)
11.5.1 Case 1: With PI Controller
300(1)
11.5.2 Case 2: With PSO Technique
301(3)
11.6 Conclusion
304(1)
References
305(4)
12 Power Quality Enhancement and Grid Support Using Solar Energy Conversion System 309(20)
CH. S. Balasubrahmanyam
Om Hari Gupta
Vijay K. Sood
12.1 Introduction
309(3)
12.2 Renewable Energy and its Conversion Into Useful Form
312(1)
12.3 Power System Harmonics and Their Cause
313(3)
12.4 Power Factor (p.f.) and its Effects
316(1)
12.5 Solar Energy System With Power Quality Enhancement (SEPQ)
317(3)
12.6 Results and Discussions
320(6)
12.6.1 Mode-1 (SEPQ as STATCOM)
320(1)
12.6.2 Mode-2 (SEPQ as Shunt APF)
320(2)
12.6.3 Mode-3 (SEPQ as D-STATCOM)
322(4)
12.7 Conclusion
326(1)
References
327(2)
13 Power Quality Improvement of a 3-Phase-3-Wire Grid-Tied PV-Fuel Cell System by 3-Phase Active Filter Employing Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy 329(48)
Rudranarayan Senapati
Sthita Prajna Mishra
Rajendra Narayan Senapati
Priyansha Sharma
13.1 Introduction
330(3)
13.2 Active Power Filter (APF)
333(4)
13.2.1 Shunt Active Power Filter (ShPF)
334(1)
13.2.1.1 Configuration of ShPF
334(1)
13.2.2 Series Active Power Filter (SAF)
335(18)
13.2.2.1 Configuration of SAF
336(1)
13.3 Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy (SCCS) for APFs
337(5)
13.4 Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy for ShPF
342(7)
13.5 Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy for SAF
349(4)
13.6 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
353(3)
13.6.1 Operation
354(1)
13.6.2 Anode
355(1)
13.6.3 Electrolyte
355(1)
13.6.4 Cathode
356(1)
13.6.5 Comparative Analysis of Various Fuel Cells
356(1)
13.7 Simulation Analysis
356(17)
13.7.1 Shunt Active Power Filter
358(8)
13.7.1.1 ShPF for a 3-φ 3-Wire (3P3W) System With Non-Linear Loading
358(2)
13.7.1.2 For a PV-Grid System (Constant Irradiance Condition)
360(4)
13.7.1.3 For a PV-SOFC Integrated System
364(2)
13.7.2 Series Active Power Filter
366(13)
13.7.2.1 SAF for a 3-φ 3-Wire (3P3W) System With Non-Linear Load Condition
366(2)
13.7.2.2 For a PV-Grid System (Constant Irradiance Condition)
368(2)
13.7.2.3 For a PV-SOFC Integrated System
370(3)
13.8 Conclusion
373(1)
References
373(4)
14 Application of Fuzzy Logic in Power Quality Assessment of Modern Power Systems 377(28)
V. Vignesh Kumar
C.K. Babulal
14.1 Introduction
378(1)
14.2 Power Quality Indices
379(4)
14.2.1 Total Harmonic Distortion
379(1)
14.2.2 Total Demand Distortion
380(1)
14.2.3 Power and Power Factor Indices
380(1)
14.2.4 Transmission Efficiency Power Factor (TEPF)
381(1)
14.2.5 Oscillation Power Factor (OSCPF)
382(1)
14.2.6 Displacement Power Factor (DPF)
383(1)
14.3 Fuzzy Logic Systems
383(1)
14.4 Development of Fuzzy Based Power Quality Evaluation Modules
384(17)
14.4.1 Stage I: Fuzzy Logic Based Total Demand Distortion
385(5)
14.4.1.1 Performance of FTDDF Under Sinusoidal Situations
388(1)
14.4.1.2 Performance of FTDDF Under Nonsinusoidal Situations
389(1)
14.4.2 Stage II-Fuzzy Representative Quality Power Factor (FRQPF)
390(5)
14.4.2.1 Performance of FRQPF Under Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Situations
393(2)
14.4.3 Stage III-Fuzzy Power Quality Index (FPQI) Module
395(13)
14.4.3.1 Performance of FPQI Under Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Situations
397(4)
14.5 Conclusion
401(1)
References
401(4)
15 Applications of Internet of Things for Microgrid 405(24)
Vikram Kulkarni
Sarat Kumar Sahoo
Rejo Mathew
15.1 Introduction
405(3)
15.2 Internet of Things
408(2)
15.2.1 Architecture and Design
409(1)
15.2.2 Analysis of Data Science
410(1)
15.3 Smart Micro Grid: An IoT Perspective
410(1)
15.4 Literature Survey on the IoT for SMG
411(8)
15.4.1 Advanced Metering Infrastructure Based on IoT for SMG
414(1)
15.4.2 Sub-Systems of AMI
414(2)
15.4.3 Every Smart Meter Based on IoT has to Provide the Following Functionalities
416(1)
15.4.4 Communication
417(1)
15.4.5 Cloud Computing Applications for SMG
418(1)
15.5 Cyber Security Challenges for SMG
419(2)
15.6 Conclusion
421(2)
References
423(6)
16 Application of Artificial Intelligent Techniques in Microgrid 429(22)
S. Anbarasi
S. Ramesh
S. Sivakumar
S. Manimaran
16.1 Introduction
430(1)
16.2 Main Problems Faced in Microgrid
431(1)
16.3 Application of AI Techniques in Microgrid
431(17)
16.3.1 Power Quality Issues and Control
432(6)
16.3.1.1 Preamble of Power Quality Problem
432(1)
16.3.1.2 Issues with Control and Operation of MicroGrid Systems
433(1)
16.3.1.3 AI Techniques for Improving Power Quality Issues
434(4)
16.3.2 Energy Storage System With Economic Power Dispatch
438(6)
16.3.2.1 Energy Storage System in Microgrid
438(2)
16.3.2.2 Need for Intelligent Approaches in Energy Storage System
440(1)
16.3.2.3 Intelligent Methodologies for ESS Integrated in Microgrid
441(3)
16.3.3 Energy Management System
444(7)
16.3.3.1 Description of Energy Management System
444(1)
16.3.3.2 EMS and Distributed Energy Resources
445(1)
16.3.3.3 Intelligent Energy Management for a Microgrid
446(2)
16.4 Conclusion
448(1)
References
449(2)
17 Mathematical Modeling for Green Energy Smart Meter for Microgrids 451(20)
Moloko Joseph Sebake
Meera K. Joseph
17.1 Introduction
451(3)
17.1.1 Smart Meter
452(1)
17.1.2 Green Energy
453(1)
17.1.3 Microgrid
453(1)
17.1.4 MPPT Solar Charge Controller
454(1)
17.2 Related Work
454(2)
17.3 Proposed Technical Architecture
456(3)
17.3.1 Green Energy Smart Meter Architecture
456(1)
17.3.2 Solar Panel
456(1)
17.3.3 MPPT Controller
456(1)
17.3.4 Battery
457(1)
17.3.5 Solid-State Switch
457(1)
17.3.6 Electrical Load
457(1)
17.3.7 Solar Voltage Sensor
457(1)
17.3.8 Batter Voltage Sensor
458(1)
17.3.9 Current Sensor
458(1)
17.3.10 Microcontroller
458(1)
17.3.11 Wi-Fi Module
458(1)
17.3.12 GSM/3G/LTE Module
459(1)
17.3.13 LCD Display
459(1)
17.4 Proposed Mathematical Model
459(3)
17.5 Results
462(6)
Conclusion
468(1)
References
469(2)
18 Microgrid Communication 471(20)
R. Sandhya
C. Sharmeela
18.1 Introduction
471(2)
18.2 Reasons for Microgrids
473(1)
18.3 Microgrid Control
474(1)
18.4 Control Including Communication
474(1)
18.5 Control with No Communication
475(3)
18.6 Requirements
478(1)
18.7 Reliability
478(1)
18.8 Microgrid Communication
479(2)
18.9 Microgrid Communication Networks
481(2)
18.9.1 Wi-Fi
481(1)
18.9.2 WiMAX-Based Network
482(1)
18.9.3 Wired and Wireless-Based Integrated Network
482(1)
18.9.4 Smart Grids
482(1)
18.10 Key Aspects of Communication Networks in Smart Grids
483(1)
18.11 Customer Premises Network (CPN)
483(2)
18.12 Architectures and Technologies Utilized in Communication Networks Within the Transmission Grid
485(2)
References
487(4)
19 Placement of Energy Exchange Centers and Bidding Strategies for Smartgrid Environment 491(30)
S. Balaji
T. Ayush
19.1 Introduction
491(4)
19.1.1 Overview
491(1)
19.1.2 Energy Exchange Centers
492(1)
19.1.3 Energy Markets
493(2)
19.2 Local Energy Centers and Optimal Placement
495(8)
19.2.1 Problem Formulation (Clustering of Local Energy Market)
496(1)
19.2.2 Clustering Algorithm
496(1)
19.2.3 Test Cases
497(1)
19.2.4 Results and Discussions
498(3)
19.2.5 Conclusions for Simulations Based on Modified K Means Clustering for Optimal Location of EEC
501(2)
19.3 Local Energy Markets and Bidding Strategies
503(14)
19.3.1 Prosumer Centric Retail Electricity Market
504(1)
19.3.2 System Modeling
505(4)
19.3.2.1 Prosumer Centric Framework
505(1)
19.3.2.2 Electricity Prosumers
505(2)
19.3.2.3 Modeling of Utility Companies
507(1)
19.3.2.4 Modeling of Distribution System Operator (DSO)
507(1)
19.3.2.5 Supply Function Equilibrium
507(1)
19.3.2.6 Constraints
508(1)
19.3.3 Solution Methodology
509(4)
19.3.3.1 Game Theory Approach
509(2)
19.3.3.2 Relaxation Algorithm
511(1)
19.3.3.3 Bi-Level Algorithm
511(1)
19.3.3.4 Simulation Results
512(1)
19.3.3.5 Nikaido-Isoda Formulation
513(1)
19.3.4 Case Study
513(4)
19.3.4.1 Plots
514(1)
19.3.4.2 Anti-Dumping
514(1)
19.3.4.3 Macro-Control
514(1)
19.3.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis
514(3)
Conclusion
517(1)
References
518(3)
Index 521
Sharmeela Chenniappan, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of EEE, CEG campus, Anna University, Chennai, India. She has 20 years of teaching experience at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels and has done a number of research projects and consultancy work in renewable energy, power quality and design of power quality compensators for various industries. She is currently working on future books for the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

Sivaraman Palanisamy has an M.E. in power systems engineering from Anna University, Chennai and is an assistant engineering manager at a leading engineering firm in India He has more than six years of experience in the field of power system studies and related areas and is an expert in many power systems simulation software programs. He is also currently working on other projects to be published under the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a faculty member with the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark. He is a fellow in multiple professional societies and associations and is an editor and contributor for multiple science and technical journals in this field. Like his co-editors, he is also currently working on other projects for Wiley-Scrivener.

Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen currently works at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University and is Head of the Esbjerg Energy Section. Through his research, he helped establish the Center for Bioenergy and Green Engineering in 2009 and serves as the head of the research group. He has vast experience in the field of bio-refineries and biogas production and has served as the technical advisory for many industries in this field.
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