| Preface |
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xiii | |
| Abbrevation Glossary |
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xvii | |
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1 | (14) |
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1.1 Microwave photonic links |
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1 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Microwave carrier for a digital signal |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.4 Limitations of microwave photonic links |
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7 | (6) |
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1.4.1 Limitations due to the materials constituting the different elements |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Noise sources in microwave photonic links |
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8 | (5) |
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13 | (1) |
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1.5 The components and characteristics of microwave photonic links |
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13 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Generation and Modulation of Light |
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15 | (78) |
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15 | (34) |
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15 | (2) |
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2.1.2 Semiconductor laser structure and optical gain in the active zone |
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17 | (2) |
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2.1.3 Operation of a Fabry-Perot laser |
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19 | (2) |
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2.1.4 Optical confinement factor and rate equations |
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21 | (3) |
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2.1.5 Static mode of laser operation (or CW mode of operation) |
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24 | (2) |
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2.1.6 Dynamic mode of laser operation: RF small signal response |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (3) |
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2.1.8 Increase in 1/f of RIN and superposition of a small signal and noise |
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31 | (1) |
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2.1.9 Different laser configurations |
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32 | (9) |
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41 | (6) |
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2.1.11 Laser measurements and temperature stabilization |
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47 | (2) |
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2.2 Electro-optic modulator: EOM |
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49 | (26) |
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2.2.1 General physical principles |
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50 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Pockels or linear electro-optical effect |
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50 | (3) |
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2.2.3 Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator |
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53 | (2) |
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2.2.4 Single-Drive MZM: one driving electrode |
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55 | (14) |
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2.2.5 Dual-drive MZM: two driving electrodes |
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69 | (2) |
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2.2.6 Real Mach-Zehnder modulator: characteristics and performances |
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71 | (2) |
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2.2.7 Mach-Zehnder modulator technology |
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73 | (2) |
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2.3 Electro-absorption modulator: EAM |
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75 | (18) |
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2.3.1 Electro-absorption effect |
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75 | (5) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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2.3.4 Quantum well structures |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (3) |
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2.3.6 Characteristics of an EAM |
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85 | (1) |
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2.3.7 EML: EAM integrated to a DFB laser |
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86 | (1) |
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2.3.8 EAM electrical modeling for ultra-fast signal simulation |
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87 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Optical Fibers and Amplifiers |
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93 | (44) |
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93 | (25) |
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93 | (3) |
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3.1.2 Material attenuation |
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96 | (2) |
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3.1.3 Material refraction index and dispersion |
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98 | (2) |
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3.1.4 Total reflection, numerical aperture, transmitted maximum frequency |
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100 | (5) |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (4) |
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3.1.8 Plastic optical fibers |
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114 | (4) |
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118 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Semiconductor optical amplifiers: SOA |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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3.3 Appendix: modal analysis of propagation in a fiber |
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122 | (15) |
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122 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Maxwell equations in a cylindrical fiber |
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123 | (4) |
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3.3.3 Continuity and characteristic equation conditions |
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127 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Research of different propagation modes |
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128 | (4) |
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3.3.5 Approximation of linearly polarized modes |
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132 | (5) |
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137 | (56) |
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4.1 Photodetector definition |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (25) |
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138 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Light absorption in a semiconductor |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (3) |
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4.2.4 Metal-semiconductor-metal or MSM photodiode |
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145 | (2) |
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4.2.5 Equivalent circuits for p-i-n and MSM photodiodes |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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4.2.8 Charge compensation |
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150 | (1) |
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4.2.9 Partially depleted absorption zone |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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4.2.11 Lateral lighting: progressive wave structure |
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153 | (3) |
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4.2.12 Lateral lighting: periodic structures |
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156 | (1) |
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4.2.13 Resonant optical cavity photodetector |
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157 | (3) |
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4.2.14 Diluted waveguides and evanescent mode coupling |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (21) |
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4.3.1 Bipolar or field-effect phototransistors? |
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163 | (2) |
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4.3.2 GaAlAs/GaAs and InGaP/GaAs phototransistors |
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165 | (2) |
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4.3.3 InP/InGaAs phototransistors |
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167 | (5) |
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4.3.4 Si/SiGe phototransistors |
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172 | (4) |
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4.3.5 Resonant optical cavities for phototransistors |
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176 | (1) |
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4.3.6 Phototransistor simulations and models |
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176 | (4) |
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4.3.7 Influence of the base load impedance |
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180 | (3) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (9) |
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4.4.1 Lattice matched layers pseudomorphic layer, metamorphic layer |
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184 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Velocity overshoot effect |
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186 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Heterojunction bipolar phototransistor |
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188 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 Performance of Microwave Photonic Links |
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193 | (74) |
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5.1 Microwave photonic links: diagrams and definitions |
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193 | (8) |
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5.1.1 Direct modulation link diagram and definitions |
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193 | (4) |
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5.1.2 External modulation link diagram and definitions |
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197 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Simplified link diagram and first gain computation |
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198 | (3) |
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5.2 Optomicrowave S-parameters and gains of each photonic link component |
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201 | (9) |
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201 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Optomicrowave laser S-parameters and optomicrowave gain |
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202 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Optomicrowave optical fiber S-parameters and optomicrowave gain |
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203 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Photodiode optomicrowave S-parameters and gain |
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204 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Localized component external modulator optomicrowave S-parameters and gain |
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205 | (2) |
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5.2.6 Distributed component external modulator optomicrowave S-parameters and gain |
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207 | (2) |
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5.2.7 Summary of all S-parameters and optomicrowave gain |
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209 | (1) |
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5.3 Microwave photonic links optomicrowave S-parameters and gains |
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210 | (8) |
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5.3.1 Direct modulation microwave photonic link S-parameters |
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210 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Direct modulation microwave photonic link gains |
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211 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Localized external modulator microwave photonic link S-parameters |
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212 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Localized external modulator microwave photonic link gains |
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213 | (1) |
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5.3.5 Distributed external modulator microwave photonic link S-parameters |
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213 | (1) |
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5.3.6 Distributed external modulator microwave photonic link gains |
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214 | (1) |
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5.3.7 Link gain computation generalization |
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215 | (3) |
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5.4 Comparison of different link gains |
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218 | (3) |
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5.4.1 Direct modulation link gain computation |
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218 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Localized external modulator link gain computation |
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219 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Distributed external modulator link gain computations |
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220 | (1) |
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5.5 Direct modulation microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figures |
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221 | (6) |
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5.5.1 Link noise figure diagram and computation method |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Optical fiber noise figure |
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223 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Photodiode noise figure |
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224 | (1) |
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5.5.5 Direct modulation link noise figure |
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224 | (1) |
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5.5.6 Matching effect at the input of a direct modulation link |
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225 | (1) |
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5.5.7 Generalization of a link noise figure computation |
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226 | (1) |
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5.6 External modulation microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figure |
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227 | (5) |
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5.6.1 Equivalent diagram and steps recall |
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227 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Localized external modulator noise figure |
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227 | (1) |
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5.6.3 Distributed external modulator noise figure |
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228 | (2) |
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5.6.4 New evaluation of photodetector noise figure |
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230 | (1) |
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5.6.5 Localized external modulator microwave photonic link noise figure |
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231 | (1) |
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5.6.6 Matched input localized external modulator microwave photonic link noise figure |
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231 | (1) |
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5.6.7 Distributed external modulator microwave photonic link noise figure |
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232 | (1) |
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5.7 Comparisons of different link noise figures |
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232 | (9) |
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5.7.1 Evaluation of direct modulation link noise figure |
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232 | (2) |
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5.7.2 Evaluation of localized external modulator link noise figure |
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234 | (1) |
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5.7.3 Evaluation of matched input localized external modulator link noise figure |
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235 | (1) |
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5.7.4 Evaluation of distributed external modulator link noise figures |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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5.7.6 Some effectively measured noise figure values |
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239 | (2) |
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5.8 Microwave photonic link nonlinearity: distortion phenomena |
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241 | (5) |
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5.8.1 Single microwave signal nonlinearity |
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241 | (1) |
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5.8.2 Several input microwave signals nonlinearity |
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242 | (2) |
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5.8.3 Wideband input signal nonlinearity |
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244 | (1) |
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5.8.4 Nonlinearity combination of microwave photonic link components |
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245 | (1) |
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5.9 Microwave photonic link interference-free dynamic range |
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246 | (4) |
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5.9.1 Single input signal microwave photonic link interference-free dynamic range |
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246 | (1) |
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5.9.2 Several-input signal microwave photonic link interference-free dynamic range |
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247 | (2) |
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5.9.3 Some effectively measured interference-free dynamic range values |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (17) |
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5.10.1 Relation between parameters S, Z, Y, and ABCD |
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250 | (1) |
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5.10.2 Equation choice for the computation of microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figure |
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251 | (10) |
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5.10.3 Calculation of a two-input signal microwave photonic link interference-free dynamic range |
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261 | (6) |
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Chapter 6 Complement to Microwave Photonic Link Performances |
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267 | (22) |
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6.1 Microwave signal attenuation during double sideband modulation |
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267 | (6) |
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6.1.1 Double sideband modulation recall |
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267 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Recall of single-mode optical fiber propagation characteristics |
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268 | (2) |
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6.1.3 Optical fiber double sideband modulated signal propagation |
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270 | (1) |
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6.1.4 Double sideband-modulated signal photodetection at the optical fiber output |
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271 | (2) |
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6.2 Modulator structures for optical carrier or high and low sideband removal |
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273 | (7) |
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6.2.1 Optical modulation recall |
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273 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Single sideband or carrier suppression optical modulators |
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274 | (3) |
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6.2.3 Carrier suppression and single sideband optical modulator |
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277 | (3) |
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6.3 Degradation of a microwave signal spectral purity by an optical link |
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280 | (9) |
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6.3.1 Phenomenon description |
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280 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Some definitions concerning the noise around a microwave carrier |
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281 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Amplitude and phase noise in an optical link |
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282 | (2) |
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6.3.4 Phase noise computation of a microwave signal transmitted by an optical link |
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284 | (2) |
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6.3.5 Amplitude noise computation of a microwave signal transmitted by an optical link |
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286 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Electronic Amplifiers in Microwave Photonic Links |
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289 | (32) |
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7.1 Electronic amplifiers in optical links |
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289 | (1) |
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7.2 Amplifiers in the optical link emitter |
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289 | (4) |
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7.2.1 Different roles of electronic amplifiers on optical emitter |
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289 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Emission: modulator or laser input amplifiers |
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290 | (3) |
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7.3 Receiver: amplifiers at the photodetector output |
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293 | (7) |
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293 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Transimpedance amplifiers |
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294 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Distributed amplifiers |
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296 | (2) |
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7.3.4 Combination of transimpedance and distributed amplifiers |
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298 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Narrowband amplifiers |
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298 | (1) |
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7.3.6 Preamplifier after a phototransistor |
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299 | (1) |
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7.3.7 Other circuits after a phototransistor |
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299 | (1) |
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7.4 Appendix: analog and microwave amplifiers |
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300 | (21) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (4) |
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7.4.3 Microwave amplifier: expression of transistor reflection coefficients |
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304 | (2) |
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7.4.4 Microwave amplifiers: gain expressions |
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306 | (1) |
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7.4.5 Unilateralized transistor model: two-port network matching computation |
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307 | (5) |
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7.4.6 Non-unilateralized transistor: general case of a transistor with S12 ≠ 0 |
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312 | (1) |
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7.4.7 Low noise amplifier |
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313 | (2) |
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7.4.8 General models of low signal microwave amplifiers |
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315 | (6) |
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Chapter 8 Simulation and Measurement of Microwave Photonic Links |
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321 | (46) |
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8.1 State of the art and context |
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321 | (3) |
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321 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Choice of simulation software |
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321 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Different ADS simulation techniques |
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322 | (2) |
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8.2 Microwave optical link models |
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324 | (13) |
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8.2.1 Two-port network approach |
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324 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Electro-optic transducer: the laser |
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325 | (4) |
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8.2.3 Transmission guiding: the optical fiber |
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329 | (5) |
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8.2.4 The optoelectric transducer: the photodiode |
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334 | (3) |
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8.3 Nonlinearity effects in the link |
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337 | (3) |
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8.3.1 Nonlinearity sources |
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337 | (1) |
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8.3.2 1 dB compression point and first-order dynamic of the link |
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338 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Third-order intermodulation and third-order interference-free dynamic range of the link |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (8) |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Noise in the photodiode |
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342 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Direct modulation link noise figure |
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343 | (1) |
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8.4.5 Noise power at the receiver |
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344 | (4) |
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8.5 Other types of modulation of signals transmitted on an optical fiber |
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348 | (13) |
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8.5.1 Ultra-wideband signal modulation |
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348 | (5) |
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8.5.2 External modulation |
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353 | (5) |
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8.5.3 Generation of microwave signal by frequency beating |
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358 | (3) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (5) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (4) |
| Bibliography |
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367 | (26) |
| Index |
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393 | |
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