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E-grāmata: Milan Institute of Physics: A Research Institute from Fascism to the Reconstruction

  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Sērija : History of Physics
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Jun-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030995164
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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Sērija : History of Physics
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Jun-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030995164
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This book offers the first comprehensive and authoritative text on the history of physics in Italy’s industrial and financial capital, from the foundation of the University of Milan’s Institute of Physics in 1924 up to the early 1960s, when it moved to its current location. It includes biographies and a historical-scientific analysis of the main research topics investigated by world-renowned physicists such as Aldo Pontremoli, Giovanni Polvani, Giovanni Gentile Jr., Beppo Occhialini, and Piero Caldirola, highlighting their contributions to the development of Italian physics in a national and international context. Further, the book provides a historical perspective on the interplay of physics and politics in Italy during both the Fascist regime and the postwar reconstruction period, which led to the creation of the CISE (Centro Informazioni Studi Esperienze, a research center for applied nuclear physics, funded by private industries) in 1946, and of the Milan division of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) in 1951.

1 Highlights on the History of Physics in Milan Before 1924
1(16)
Antonella Testa
1.1 The Oldest Scientific Institution in Milan
1(1)
1.2 First Steps in Celestial Mechanics
2(2)
1.3 Discovering a Celestial Object as a New Planet
4(1)
1.4 Contributions in Geodesy and Cartography
4(3)
1.5 Meteorological Activity
7(1)
1.6 Geomagnetic Measurements
8(1)
1.7 A Sundial for Milan
9(1)
1.8 Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli, a Leading Scientist
9(1)
1.9 The Foundation of a Polytechnic University in Milan
10(1)
1.10 Professors and Courses
11(1)
1.11 A Polytechnic Linked to Its Productive and Economic Environment
12(1)
1.12 Giuseppe Colombo and the Birth of the Electrical Industry in Milan
13(4)
References
14(3)
2 The Institute of Complementary Physics
17(38)
Leonardo Gariboldi
2.1 The Foundation of the Institute of Complementary Physics
17(9)
2.2 The People Working at the Institute of Complementary Physics
26(8)
2.2.1 Aldo Pontremoli
26(5)
2.2.2 Glauco de Mottoni
31(1)
2.2.3 Enzo Pugno Vanoni
31(1)
2.2.4 Giusto Rossi, Sergio Beer and Maria de Marco
32(2)
2.3 The Mathematical and Physical Seminary of Milan
34(1)
2.4 The Institute of Complementary Physics
35(2)
2.5 Research Activities
37(7)
2.5.1 Optical Research
38(2)
2.5.2 Spectroscopical Research
40(2)
2.5.3 Electrical and Electrotechnical Research
42(1)
2.5.4 Instruments for the Polar Expedition
43(1)
2.5.5 Silk Cocoon Fluorescence Induced by UV-rays
44(1)
2.6 Teaching Activities
44(4)
2.7 The Polar Expedition
48(7)
References
51(4)
3 Giovanni Polvani and the Institute of Physics Before the Second World War
55(32)
Leonardo Gariboldi
3.1 Introduction
55(2)
3.2 The People
57(14)
3.2.1 Giovanni Polvani
57(5)
3.2.2 Giuseppe Bolla
62(2)
3.2.3 The Assistants, 1931-37
64(2)
3.2.4 Giovanni Gentile Junior
66(2)
3.2.5 The Assistants, 1937-40
68(3)
3.3 The Graduation Course in Physics
71(3)
3.4 The Research Activities
74(13)
3.4.1 Polvani's Lectures and His Studies in History of Physics
74(3)
3.4.2 Raman Spectroscopy
77(1)
3.4.3 Magnetron
78(1)
3.4.4 Cosmic Radiation
79(2)
References
81(6)
4 Giovanni Gentile Junior. Physics as an Intellectual and Spiritual Adventure
87(30)
Luisa Bonolis
4.1 Introduction
87(4)
4.2 A New Generation of Theoretical Physicists in Italy
91(4)
4.3 At Pisa University with Luigi Puccianti
95(1)
4.4 Finally Professor in Milan
96(3)
4.5 The 1937 National Theoretical Physics Competition: A Challenge for Gentile and Polvani
99(2)
4.6 The Beginning of Cosmic-Ray Research in Milan
101(1)
4.7 Ambitions to Launch "big science" at the Institute
102(2)
4.8 Back to Germany for a Strategic Trip
104(3)
4.9 Creating the Premises for Post-war Renewal
107(3)
4.10 The Intermediate Statistics and Its Relevant Applications
110(7)
References
113(4)
5 The Institute of Physics During the Fascist Regime and the Second World War
117(36)
Leonardo Gariboldi
5.1 The Impact of Fascism
117(6)
5.2 The Racial Laws
123(4)
5.3 The Institute During the Second World War
127(7)
5.4 The People
134(7)
5.4.1 Carlo Salvetti
134(2)
5.4.2 Corrado Mazzon
136(1)
5.4.3 Carlo Borghi, Piera Pinto, Ermanno Santambrogio
136(2)
5.4.4 Giorgio Salvini
138(3)
5.5 Jacopo Dentici, a Physics Student Who Died in Gusen II
141(6)
5.6 Research Activities During the Second World War
147(6)
References
149(4)
6 The Institute of Physics in the Post-War Period. Part 1: The Reconstruction
153(68)
Leonardo Gariboldi
6.1 The Reconstruction in Milan
154(4)
6.2 The Degree Course in Physics
158(3)
6.3 The People
161(45)
6.3.1 1945-46: Guido Tagliaferri, Alberto Masani, Bartolomeo Todeschini, Luisa Basilico
162(2)
6.3.2 1946-47: Ugo Facchini, Antonio Lovati, Luigi Terra
164(3)
6.3.3 1947-48: Bruno Ferretti, Bruno Finzi Contini, Costanza Catenacci
167(2)
6.3.4 1948-49: Sergio Gallone, Ruggero Renzoni
169(1)
6.3.5 1949-50: Piero Caldirola, Carlo Succi, Laura Colli, Ettore Bellomo
170(6)
6.3.6 1950-51: Sergio Albertoni, Angela Bernasconi, Roberto Fieschi, Fausto Fumi, Paolo Gulmanelli, Riccardo Levi-Setti, Martina Panetti, Sergio Terrani
176(3)
6.3.7 1951-52: Giuseppe Occhialini
179(5)
6.3.8 1952-53: Alberto Bonetti, Maria Bossi, Fiorenzo Duimio, Angelo Rossi
184(2)
6.3.9 1953-54: Rosario Attardi, Giuseppe Bassani, Maria di Corato, Antonio Scotti
186(2)
6.3.10 1954-55: Pietro Bocchieri, Riccardo Giacconi, Camillo Giori, Giovanni Maria Prosperi
188(2)
6.3.11 1955-56: Ugo Businaro, Ettore Fiorini, Giancarlo Ghilardotti, Adele Sichirollo
190(2)
6.3.12 1956-57: Gianluigi Bacchella, Renzo Cirelli, Stefanello de Petris, Sergio Micheletti, Marcello Pignanelli, Franco Potenza
192(2)
6.3.13 1957-58: Fernanda Emilia Pugno Santagata, Sergio Peppino Ratti
194(2)
6.3.14 1958-59: Giancarlo Baldini, Ernesto Giuseppe Canobbio, Gianmaria de Munari, Maria Franceschetti, Carla Morlacchi, Massimo Pauri
196(2)
6.3.15 1959-60: Giampaolo Bellini, Giuseppe Mambriani, Bruno Montagnini, Antonino Pullia, Nice Terzi, GuidoVegni
198(3)
6.3.16 1960-61: Vincenzo Ardente, Giancarlo Bassani, Constance Dilworth, Michelangelo Fazio, Emilio Gatti, Alfredo Luccio, Santina Menardi, Nello Morresi, Fausto Pellegrini, Emanuele Quercigh, Francesco Giuseppe Resmini, Lucia Tallone
201(5)
6.4 The Collaboration with CISE, INFN and GAIFUM
206(15)
References
213(8)
7 The Institute of Physics in the Post-war Period. Part 2: Some Highlights on Research in the Post-war Period
221(42)
Leonardo Gariboldi
7.1 Introduction
221(1)
7.2 Cosmic Radiation with Counters and Cloud Chambers
222(11)
7.3 The Arrival of Occhialini to Milan and the Flights of Emulsion Stacks in the 1950s
233(6)
7.4 The K-Collaboration
239(3)
7.5 Theoretical Physics
242(7)
7.6 Electrostatic Machines for Experimental Nuclear Physics
249(2)
7.7 Solid State Physics
251(12)
References
252(11)
8 Towards the New Seat
263(30)
Leonardo Gariboldi
8.1 Moving to the New Seat in Via Celoria
263(3)
8.2 The Relativistic Cyclotron
266(19)
8.3 Space Physics
285(8)
References
291(2)
Index 293
Leonardo Gariboldi is a research fellow in the History of Physics and Physics Education at the University of Milan. His research interests concern the history of nineteenth and twentieth-century physics, particularly with regard to Aldo Pontremoli, Beppo Occhialini, and the CISE nuclear research center. He teaches historical-scientific courses and cultural heritage degree courses and serves as the vice director of Brera Astronomical Museum.















Antonella Testa received her Masters degree in Physics and a Ph.D. in the History of International Relations with Multimedia Methodologies, from the Universitą degli Studi di Milano. Since 1994, she has been working at the Universitą degli Studi di Milano; her activities focus on the history of physics and astronomywith special attention to the history of eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth-century scientific instruments, and their related institutionsand space science. She is also involved in scientific museology for the preservation of historical heritage in the academic context and has carried out several projects on formal and informal methodologies of scientific education and dissemination. For the past five years, she has been an adjunct professor of Conservation and Valorization of Scientific Instruments for the Cultural Heritage Conservation Science Masters degree program (Universitą degli Studi di Milano).















Luisa Bonolis holds a Masters degree in Physics from Sapienza University of Rome and a Ph.D. in the History of Science from Bari University, Italy. Her main research interest is in the history of twentieth-century physics, especially focusing on the evolution of cosmic ray research and neutrino astrophysics, nuclear and elementary particle physics, high-energy astrophysics, early developments of colliders in Europe, early research on thermonuclear fusion, and oral history. Since 2013, she has been a research scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin, focusing on the emergence of Relativistic Astrophysics during the 1950s and early 1960s. Since joining the Research Program on the History of the Max Planck Society in 2016, she has also focused on the history of astrophysics, astronomy, cosmology, and space sciences in the Max Planck Society after WWII. Her current projects are especially focused on the emergence of astro-particle physics.