| Preface |
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ix | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xi | |
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A contemporary approach to microbiology |
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1 | (1) |
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The context for contemporary medical microbiology |
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1 | (1) |
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Microbiology past, present and future |
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2 | (2) |
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The approach adopted in this book |
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4 | (5) |
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SECTION 1 THE ADVERSARIES -- MICROBES |
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The varieties of microbes |
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9 | (1) |
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Living inside or outside cells |
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10 | (1) |
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Systems of classification |
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11 | (4) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (4) |
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Extrachromosomal elements |
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24 | (2) |
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Mutation and gene transfer |
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26 | (6) |
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Survival under adverse conditions |
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32 | (1) |
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The genomics of medically important bacteria |
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32 | (5) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (3) |
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Outcome of viral infection |
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42 | (4) |
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46 | (1) |
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Major groups of disease-causing fungi |
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47 | (4) |
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51 | (522) |
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The helminths and arthropods |
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53 | (3) |
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56 | (3) |
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`Rogue protein' pathogenesis |
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59 | (1) |
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Development and transmission of prion diseases |
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60 | (1) |
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Medical problems posed by prion diseases |
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61 | (2) |
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The host-parasite relationship |
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63 | (3) |
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66 | (2) |
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The characteristics of parasitism |
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68 | (1) |
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The evolution of parasitism |
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69 | (8) |
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SECTION 2 THE ADVERSARIES -- HOST DISEASES |
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The innate defenses of the body |
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Defense against entry into the body |
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77 | (1) |
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Defenses once the microorganism penetrates the body |
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77 | (16) |
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Adaptive responses provide a `quantum leap' in effective defense |
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93 | (3) |
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The role of T lymphocytes |
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96 | (3) |
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Extracellular attack on large infectious agents |
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99 | (1) |
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Local defenses at mucosal surfaces |
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100 | (5) |
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The cellular basis of adaptive immune responses |
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105 | (1) |
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Clonal expansion of lymphocytes |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (2) |
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Stimulation of lymphocytes |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (4) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (6) |
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Background to the infectious diseases |
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Host--parasite relationships |
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121 | (4) |
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Causes of infectious diseases |
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125 | (2) |
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The biologic response gradient |
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127 | (2) |
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Entry, exit and transmission |
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129 | (7) |
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136 | (2) |
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Types of transmission between humans |
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138 | (5) |
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Transmission from animals |
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143 | (6) |
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Immune defenses in action |
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149 | (1) |
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Acute phase proteins and pattern recognition receptors |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (2) |
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Antibody-mediated immunity |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (5) |
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163 | (2) |
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Features of surface and systemic infections |
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165 | (2) |
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Mechanisms of spread through the body |
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167 | (3) |
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Genetic determinants of spread and replication |
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170 | (3) |
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Other factors affecting spread and replication |
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173 | (3) |
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Parasite survival strategies and persistent infections |
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Parasite survival strategies |
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176 | (5) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (6) |
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Pathologic consequences of infection |
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Pathology caused directly by microorganism |
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191 | (4) |
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195 | (2) |
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Pathologic activation of natural immune mechanisms |
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197 | (3) |
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Pathologic consequences of the immune response |
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200 | (4) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (6) |
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SECTION 4 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIONS BY BODY SYSTEM |
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Introduction to Section 4: The Clinical Manifestations of Infection |
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211 | (2) |
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Upper respiratory tract infections |
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213 | (2) |
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Pharyngitis and tonsillitis |
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215 | (7) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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Lower respiratory tract infections |
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Laryngitis and tracheitis |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Respiratory syncytial virus infection |
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230 | (1) |
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Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (4) |
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237 | (1) |
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Parainfluenza virus infection |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Influenza virus infection |
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238 | (5) |
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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Cytomegalovirus infection |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (2) |
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Clinical features and complications |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Sexually transmitted diseases |
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STDs and sexual behaviour |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (5) |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (2) |
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Other causes of inguinal lymphadenopathy |
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270 | (2) |
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Mycoplasmas and non-gonococcal urethritis |
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272 | (1) |
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Other causes of vaginitis and urethritis |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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Human papillomavirus infection |
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274 | (1) |
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Human immunodeficiency virus |
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274 | (11) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (3) |
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Gastrointestinal tract infections |
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Diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial or viral infection |
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288 | (14) |
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302 | (1) |
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Helicobacter pylori and gastric ulcer disease |
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303 | (1) |
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Parasites and the gastrointestinal tract |
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304 | (7) |
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Systemic infection initiated in the gastrointestinal tract |
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311 | (12) |
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Obstetric and perinatal infections |
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Infections occurring in pregnancy |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (5) |
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Infections occurring around the time of birth |
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328 | (5) |
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Central nervous system infections |
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Invasion of the central nervous system |
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333 | (1) |
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The body's response to invasion |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (6) |
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341 | (5) |
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Neurologic diseases of possible viral etiology |
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346 | (1) |
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Spongiform encephalopathies caused by scrapie-type agents |
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346 | (1) |
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CNS disease caused by parasites |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (3) |
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351 | (1) |
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Infection of the deeper layers of the eye |
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352 | (5) |
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Infections of the skin, soft tissue, muscle and associated systems |
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Bacterial infections of skin, soft tissue and muscle |
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357 | (8) |
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Mycobacterial diseases of the skin |
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365 | (3) |
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Fungal infections of the skin |
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368 | (5) |
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Parasitic infections of the skin |
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373 | (1) |
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Mucocutaneous lesions caused by viruses |
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374 | (8) |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (2) |
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384 | (1) |
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Other infections producing skin lesions |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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Viral infections of muscle |
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386 | (1) |
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Parasitic infections of muscle |
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386 | (1) |
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Joint and bone infections |
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387 | (2) |
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Infections of the hemopoietic system |
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389 | (2) |
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391 | (2) |
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Infections caused by Rickettsiae |
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393 | (4) |
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397 | (2) |
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399 | (6) |
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405 | (4) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fevers |
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410 | (2) |
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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, a tick-borne virus |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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Yersinia enterocolitica infection |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (2) |
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Pasteurella multocida infection |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (3) |
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Definitions of fever of unknown origin |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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Investigation of classical FUO |
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422 | (3) |
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425 | (1) |
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FUO in specific patient groups |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (3) |
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Infections in the compromised host |
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429 | (3) |
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Infections of the host with deficient innate immunity due to physical factors |
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432 | (3) |
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Infections associated with secondary adaptive immunodeficiency |
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435 | (1) |
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Other important opportunist pathogens |
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436 | (9) |
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SECTION 5 -- DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL |
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Epidemiologic considerations |
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445 | (5) |
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450 | (1) |
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Epidemiologic aspects of vaccinations |
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450 | (3) |
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Factors influencing the success of vaccination |
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453 | (1) |
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More immunogenic vaccines provide better protection, but may be less safe |
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454 | (1) |
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Control by chemotherapy versus vaccination |
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455 | (2) |
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Control versus eradication |
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457 | (2) |
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Diagnosis of infection and assessment of host defense mechanisms |
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Aims of the clinical microbiology laboratory |
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459 | (1) |
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459 | (2) |
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Non-cultural techniques for the laboratory diagnosis of infection |
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461 | (7) |
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Cultivation (culture) of microorganisms |
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468 | (1) |
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Identification of microorganisms grown in culture |
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469 | (2) |
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Antibody detection methods for the diagnosis of infection |
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471 | (1) |
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Assessment of host defense systems |
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472 | (7) |
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Attacking the enemy: antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy |
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479 | (1) |
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Discovery and design of antimicrobial agents |
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479 | (1) |
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Classification of antibacterial agents |
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479 | (2) |
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Resistance to antibacterial agents |
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481 | (3) |
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Classes of antibacterial agents |
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484 | (1) |
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Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis |
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484 | (6) |
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Inhibitors of protein synthesis |
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490 | (8) |
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Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis |
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498 | (2) |
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Antimetabolites affecting nucleic acid synthesis |
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500 | (2) |
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Other agents that affect DNA |
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502 | (1) |
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Inhibitors of cytoplasmic membrane function |
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502 | (1) |
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Urinary tract antiseptics |
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503 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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Antibacterial agents in practice |
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504 | (2) |
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506 | (1) |
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507 | (6) |
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513 | (2) |
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515 | (1) |
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Use and misuse of antimicrobial agents |
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515 | (4) |
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Protection the host: vaccination |
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519 | (1) |
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Requirements of a good vaccine |
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519 | (2) |
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521 | (5) |
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526 | (4) |
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530 | (8) |
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New and experimental vaccines |
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538 | (5) |
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Passive and non-specific immunotherapy |
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Passive immunization with antibody |
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543 | (3) |
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Non-specific cellular immunostimulation |
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546 | (2) |
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Correction of host immunodeficiency |
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548 | (1) |
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548 | (3) |
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Hospital infection, sterilization and disinfection |
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Common hospital infections |
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551 | (1) |
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Important causes of hospital infection |
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551 | (2) |
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Sources and routes of spread of hospital infection |
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553 | (1) |
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Host factors and hospital infection |
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554 | (3) |
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Consequences of hospital infection |
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557 | (1) |
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Prevention of hospital infection |
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558 | (3) |
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Investigating hospital infection |
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561 | (7) |
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Sterilization and disinfection |
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568 | (5) |
| Appendix - Pathogen parade |
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573 | (52) |
| Bibliography |
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625 | (10) |
| Index |
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635 | |
