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xv | |
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xxiii | |
About the Author |
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xxv | |
Preface |
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xxvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxxiii | |
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xxxv | |
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1 Next Generation Wireless Networks |
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3 | (16) |
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1.1 WLAN and Mesh Networks |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (3) |
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1.4 Wireless Sensor Networks |
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13 | (1) |
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1.5 Opportunistic Networks |
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14 | (5) |
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16 | (3) |
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2 Modeling Next Generation Wireless Networks |
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19 | (14) |
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20 | (6) |
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2.2 The Communication Graph |
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26 | (5) |
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31 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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3 Mobility Models for Next Generation Wireless Networks |
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33 | (18) |
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33 | (2) |
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3.2 Cellular vs. Next Generation Wireless Network Mobility Models |
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35 | (3) |
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3.3 A Taxonomy of Existing Mobility Models |
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38 | (5) |
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39 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Application Scenario |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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3.4 Mobility Models and Real-World Traces: The CRAWDAD Resource |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (6) |
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47 | (4) |
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Part II "GENERAL-PURPOSE" MOBILITY MODELS |
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51 | (10) |
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4.1 Discrete Random Walks |
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52 | (3) |
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4.1.1 Random Walks on Grids |
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53 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Random Walks on Graphs |
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54 | (1) |
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4.2 Continuous Random Walks |
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55 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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4.3 Other Random Walk Models |
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57 | (1) |
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4.4 Theoretical Properties of Random Walk Models |
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58 | (3) |
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4.4.1 Stationary Node Spatial Distribution |
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58 | (1) |
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4.4.2 The Level-Crossing Phenomenon |
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59 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Hitting Time, Return Time, and Cover Time |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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5 The Random Waypoint Model |
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61 | (14) |
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62 | (2) |
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5.2 The Node Spatial Distribution of the RWP Model |
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64 | (5) |
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5.3 The Average Nodal Speed of the RWP Model |
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69 | (4) |
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5.4 Variants of the RWP Model |
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73 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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6 Group Mobility and Other Synthetic Mobility Models |
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75 | (14) |
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76 | (7) |
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6.1.1 RPGM with RWP Group Mobility |
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79 | (1) |
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6.1.2 In-Place Mobility Model |
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79 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Convention Mobility Model |
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80 | (2) |
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6.1.4 RPGM and Other Group Mobility Models |
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82 | (1) |
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6.2 Other Synthetic Mobility Models |
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83 | (6) |
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6.2.1 The Smooth Random Mobility Model |
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83 | (3) |
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6.2.2 Gauss-Markov Mobility Model |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (12) |
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7.1 The Class of Random Trip Models |
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89 | (4) |
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7.1.1 Conditions on Phase and Path |
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91 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Conditions on Trip Duration |
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92 | (1) |
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7.2 Stationarity of Random Trip Models |
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93 | (1) |
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7.3 Examples of Random Trip Models |
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94 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Random Way point Model |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Other Random Trip Mobility Models |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (3) |
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Part III MOBILITY MODELS FOR WLAN AND MESH NETWORKS |
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101 | (12) |
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8.1 WLAN and Mesh Networks: State of the Art |
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101 | (6) |
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8.1.1 Network Architecture |
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102 | (2) |
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8.1.2 The IEEE 802.11 Standard |
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104 | (3) |
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8.2 WLAN and Mesh Networks: User Scenarios |
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107 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Campus/Corporate WLAN |
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107 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Public Area Hotspots |
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108 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Community Mesh Network |
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109 | (1) |
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8.3 WLAN and Mesh Networks: Perspectives |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (2) |
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111 | (2) |
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9 Real-World WLAN Mobility |
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113 | (8) |
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9.1 Real-World WLAN Traces |
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113 | (3) |
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9.2 Features of WLAN Mobility |
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116 | (5) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (20) |
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10.1 The LH Mobility Model |
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122 | (7) |
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10.1.1 Estimating the Transition and Steady-State Probabilities |
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123 | (1) |
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10.1.2 Finding Temporal Correlation in User/AP Association Patterns |
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124 | (3) |
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10.1.3 Timed Location Prediction with the LH Model |
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127 | (2) |
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10.2 The KKK Mobility Model |
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129 | (8) |
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10.2.1 Extracting Physical Movement Trajectories from WLAN Traces |
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129 | (3) |
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10.2.2 Extracting Pause Time |
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132 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Dealing with Stationary Sub-Traces |
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133 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Finding Hotspot Locations |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (2) |
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10.3 Final Considerations and Further Reading |
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137 | (4) |
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138 | (3) |
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Part IV MOBILITY MODELS FOR VEHICULAR NETWORKS |
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141 | (12) |
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11.1 Vehicular Networks: State of the Art |
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141 | (5) |
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143 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Standardization Activities |
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144 | (2) |
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11.2 Vehicular Networks: User Scenarios |
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146 | (4) |
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11.2.1 Active Safety Applications |
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147 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Cooperative Traffic Efficiency Applications |
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149 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Cooperative Local Services |
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150 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Global Internet Services |
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150 | (1) |
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11.3 Vehicular Networks: Perspectives |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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12 Vehicular Networks: Macroscopic and Microscopic Mobility Models |
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153 | (6) |
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12.1 Vehicular Mobility Models: The Macroscopic View |
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154 | (2) |
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12.2 Vehicular Mobility Models: The Microscopic View |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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13 Microscopic Vehicular Mobility Models |
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159 | (16) |
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13.1 Simple Microscopic Mobility Models |
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159 | (5) |
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13.1.1 The Graph-Based Mobility Model |
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159 | (1) |
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13.1.2 The Freeway Mobility Model |
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160 | (3) |
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13.1.3 The Manhattan Mobility Model |
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163 | (1) |
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13.2 The SUMO Mobility Model |
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164 | (4) |
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13.2.1 Building the Road Network |
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166 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Building the Traffic Demand |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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13.2.4 Running the Simulation and Generating Output |
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168 | (1) |
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13.3 Integrating Vehicular Mobility and Wireless Network Simulation |
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168 | (7) |
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13.3.1 The TraCI Interface for Coupled Vehicular Network Simulation |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (3) |
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Part V MOBILITY MODELS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS |
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14 Wireless Sensor Networks |
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175 | (10) |
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14.1 Wireless Sensor Networks: State of the Art |
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175 | (5) |
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14.1.1 Hardware and Software Platforms |
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177 | |
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14.1.2 Standardization Activities |
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111 | (69) |
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14.2 Wireless Sensor Networks: User Scenarios |
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180 | (3) |
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14.2.1 Environmental Monitoring |
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180 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Industrial Monitoring |
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181 | (1) |
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14.2.3 Health and Well-Being Monitoring |
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181 | (1) |
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14.2.4 Precision Agriculture |
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181 | (1) |
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14.2.5 Seismic, Structural, and Building Monitoring |
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182 | (1) |
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14.2.6 Intrusion Detection |
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182 | (1) |
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14.2.7 Tracking of Objects, People, and Animals |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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15 Wireless Sensor Networks: Passive Mobility Models |
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185 | (12) |
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15.1 Passive Mobility in WSNs |
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186 | (1) |
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15.2 Mobility Models for Wildlife Tracking Applications |
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187 | (4) |
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15.2.1 The ZebraNet Mobility Model |
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187 | (3) |
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15.2.2 The Whale Mobility Model |
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190 | (1) |
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15.3 Modeling Movement Caused by External Forces |
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191 | (6) |
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194 | (3) |
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16 Wireless Sensor Networks: Active Mobility Models |
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197 | (20) |
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16.1 Active Mobility of Sensor Nodes |
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198 | (10) |
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16.1.1 Active Mobility and Sensing Coverage |
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198 | (3) |
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16.1.2 Motion Control for Sensing Coverage |
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201 | (5) |
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16.1.3 Motion Control for Event Tracking |
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206 | (2) |
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16.2 Active Mobility of Sink Nodes |
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208 | (9) |
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16.2.1 The Data MULE Concept |
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209 | (1) |
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16.2.2 Sink Mobility for Network Lifetime Maximization |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (5) |
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Part VI MOBILITY MODELS FOR OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORKS |
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17 Opportunistic Networks |
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217 | (8) |
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17.1 Opportunistic Networks: State of the Art |
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217 | (2) |
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17.2 Opportunistic Networks: User Scenarios |
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219 | (3) |
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17.2.1 User Scenarios in PSNs |
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220 | (1) |
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17.2.2 User Scenarios in WSNs |
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221 | (1) |
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17.2.3 User Scenarios in Vehicular Networks |
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221 | (1) |
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17.3 Opportunistic Networks: Perspectives |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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223 | (2) |
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18 Routing in Opportunistic Networks |
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225 | (12) |
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18.1 Mobility-Assisted Routing in Opportunistic Networks |
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225 | (6) |
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18.1.1 Single-Copy Protocols |
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227 | (2) |
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18.1.2 Multi-Copy Protocols |
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229 | (2) |
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18.2 Opportunistic Network Mobility Metrics |
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231 | (6) |
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18.2.1 The Expected Meeting Time |
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231 | (1) |
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18.2.2 The Inter-Meeting Time |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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18.2.4 Relating the Three Metrics |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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19 Mobile Social Network Analysis |
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237 | (14) |
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19.1 The Social Network Graph |
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238 | (1) |
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19.2 Centrality and Clustering Metrics |
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239 | (5) |
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19.2.1 Centrality Metrics |
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240 | (2) |
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19.2.2 Clustering Metrics |
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242 | (2) |
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19.3 Characterizations of Human Mobility |
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244 | (6) |
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19.3.1 Characterization of Individual Human Mobility Patterns |
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245 | (2) |
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19.3.2 Characterization of Pairwise Contact Patterns |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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20 Social-Based Mobility Models |
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251 | (24) |
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20.1 The Weighted Random Waypoint Mobility Model |
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252 | (2) |
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20.2 The Time-Variant Community Mobility Model |
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254 | (2) |
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20.3 The Community-Based Mobility Model |
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256 | (3) |
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20.4 The SWIM Mobility Model |
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259 | (5) |
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20.5 The Self-Similar Least Action Walk Model |
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264 | (3) |
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267 | (3) |
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270 | (5) |
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271 | (4) |
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21 Random Waypoint Model and Wireless Network Simulation |
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275 | (18) |
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21.1 RWP Model and Simulation Accuracy |
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276 | (2) |
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21.2 Removing the Border Effect |
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278 | (7) |
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21.2.1 The Temporal-RWP Model |
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279 | (2) |
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21.2.2 The Spatial-RWP Model |
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281 | (4) |
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21.3 Removing Speed Decay |
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285 | (2) |
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21.4 The RWP Model and "Perfect Simulation" |
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287 | (6) |
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290 | (3) |
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22 Mobility Modeling and Opportunistic Network Performance Analysis |
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293 | (16) |
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22.1 Unicast in Opportunistic Networks |
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293 | (6) |
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294 | (3) |
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22.7.2 Epidemic Routing Performance |
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297 | (1) |
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22.1.3 Two-Hops Routing Performance |
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298 | (1) |
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22.2 Broadcast in Opportunistic Networks |
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299 | (10) |
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300 | (2) |
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22.2.2 Broadcasting with Geometric-Based Mobility |
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302 | (1) |
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22.2.3 Broadcasting with the Home-MEG Model |
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303 | (3) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (1) |
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Appendix A Elements of Probability Theory |
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309 | (14) |
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A.1 Basic Notions of Probability Theory |
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309 | (4) |
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A.2 Probability Distributions |
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313 | (4) |
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317 | (6) |
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321 | (2) |
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Appendix B Elements of Graph Theory, Asymptotic Notation, and Miscellaneous Notions |
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323 | (12) |
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323 | (3) |
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B.2 Elements of Graph Theory |
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326 | (4) |
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B.3 Miscellaneous Notions |
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330 | (5) |
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333 | (2) |
Index |
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335 | |