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E-grāmata: Modality, Subjectivity, and Semantic Change: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective

(GSICS, Tohoku University)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Jul-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191613128
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Modality, Subjectivity, and Semantic Change: A Cross-Linguistic PerspectivePalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Jul-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191613128
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This book is a cross-linguistic exploration of semantic and functional change in modal markers. Its approach is broadly functional typological but makes frequent reference to work in formal semantics by scholars such as Angelika Kratzer and Paul Portner. The author starts by considering what modality is and how it relates to and differs from subjectivity. He argues that modality cannot be defined in terms of subjectivity: both concepts are independent of each other, the first exhibiting different degrees of subjectivity, and the second being operative in a much wider range of grammatical and lexical categories. Subjectivity, he suggests, should not be defined solely in terms of performativity, evidentiality, or construal, but rather from the interplay of multiple semantic and pragmatic factors. He then presents a two-dimensional model for the descriptive representation of modality, based on the notion that among the many aspects of modal meaning, volitivity and speech-act-orientation versus event-orientation are two of its most salient parameters. He shows that it is especially the dimension of speech-act orientation versus event-orientation, parallel to category climbing in syntax, that is operative in diachronic change. Numerous examples of diachronic change within modality and between modality and other categories are then examined with respect to their directionality. With a focus on Japanese and to a lesser extent Chinese the book is a countercheck to hypotheses built on the Indo-European languages. It also contains numerous illustrations from other languages.

Recenzijas

A fresh perspective on modality that is essential reading for anyone working on modality amd semantic changes in modals. * Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Stanford University *

List of Abbreviations
x
Acknowledgments xiv
1 Introduction
1(4)
1.1 The study of modality and subjectivity
1(1)
1.2 Goals of this book
2(1)
1.3 Theoretical orientation/Principles of the approach
3(2)
2 Modality and Subjectivity
5(56)
2.1 Modality
5(8)
2.1.1 Definition
5(3)
2.1.2 Subcategories
8(4)
2.1.3 Modality, mood, and illocution
12(1)
2.2 Subjectivity in language
13(10)
2.2.1 From Breal to Lyons
14(2)
2.2.2 The pragmatic approach
16(2)
2.2.3 The conceptualist approach
18(1)
2.2.4 Differences and commonalities
19(1)
2.2.5 The cognitive-pragmatic approach
20(1)
2.2.6 Intersubjectivity and objectivity
21(2)
2.3 Subjectivity in modality
23(23)
2.3.1 Approaches to subjectivity in modality
23(1)
2.3.1.1 Subjectivity in modality in terms of speaker involvement/performativity
24(2)
2.3.1.2 Subjectivity in modality in terms of construal
26(2)
2.3.1.3 Subjectivity in modality in terms of evidentiality
28(1)
2.3.1.4 Subjectivity in modality associated with form classes: a short comparison
29(2)
2.3.2 Structural and non-structural criteria for subjectivity in modal expressions
31(9)
2.3.3 Conclusion and proposal
40(5)
2.3.4 The place of intersubjectivity
45(1)
2.4 A new model of modality and mood
46(15)
2.4.1 Volitive vs. non-volitive modality
46(3)
2.4.2 Speech act-oriented vs. event-oriented modality
49(6)
2.4.3 Integrating volitivity and speech act orientation
55(6)
3 Modality and Semantic Change
61(57)
3.1 Semantic change and modal polysemy
61(14)
3.1.1 Classification of changes: types, processes, or mechanisms?
62(1)
3.1.2 Mechanisms of semantic change
62(4)
3.1.3 Contexts of change
66(2)
3.1.4 Motivations for semantic change
68(1)
3.1.5 Directionality of semantic change
69(2)
3.1.6 (Inter)subjectification
71(4)
3.2 Hypotheses about the directionality of semantic change in modality
75(14)
3.2.1 Individual directionalities: from `deontic' or `root' to epistemic
75(2)
3.2.2 Subjectification in modality
77(5)
3.2.3 Bybee et al.'s paths of grammaticalization involving modality
82(2)
3.2.4 A semantic map of modality
84(4)
3.2.5 The perspective in generative grammar
88(1)
3.3 A new proposal
89(29)
3.3.1 Semantic change as category climbing
90(1)
3.3.1.1 Hierarchies of grammatical categories
90(10)
3.3.1.2 Dynamicization of the hierarchies
100(4)
3.3.2 Semantic change as increased speech act orientation
104(1)
3.3.2.1 Increased speech act orientation and (inter)subjectification
104(3)
3.3.2.2 Structural correlates of increased speech act orientation
107(3)
3.3.3 Change in the area of modality and mood
110(1)
3.3.3.1 Directionality
110(2)
3.3.3.2 Source and target grammatical categories
112(2)
3.3.3.3 Comparison with van der Auwera and Plungian (1998)
114(4)
4 Illustrating the Model: Some Case Studies
118(32)
4.1 Change within modality
118(10)
4.1.1 English can
118(4)
4.1.2 American Spanish capaz
122(2)
4.1.3 Japanese be-
124(4)
4.2 From modality into mood
128(4)
4.2.1 Japanese be- continued
128(2)
4.2.2 Japanese -(a)m-
130(2)
4.3 From modality to illocutionary modification
132(3)
4.3.1 From epistemic possibility to illocutionary modification
132(2)
4.3.2 From speculative to illocutionary modification: daroo
134(1)
4.4 Into modality
135(8)
4.4.1 `Likeness' marker > inferential evidential: rasi-
136(4)
4.4.2 From voice to modality: -(r)are-
140(3)
4.5 Into mood
143(5)
4.5.1 From aspect to tense and mood: -Ta
143(2)
4.5.2 From aspect to subordinating mood: -Tari
145(3)
4.6 Summary
148(2)
5 Cross-Linguistic Patterns of Polysemy and Change within Modality and Mood
150(35)
5.1 The data in Bybee et al. (1994)
150(2)
5.2 Overview of the data
152(3)
5.3 From volitive to non-volitive modality (from deontic to epistemic)
155(2)
5.4 Within volitive
157(8)
5.4.1 Canonical directionality
157(3)
5.4.2 Problematic cases
160(1)
5.4.2.1 From intention to obligation
160(4)
5.4.2.2 Purposive clauses expressing general necessity/obligation
164(1)
5.5 From non-volitive to volitive modality (epistemic to deontic)
165(6)
5.6 Within non-volitive
171(14)
5.6.1 Overall developments
171(4)
5.6.2 Extreme subjectification
175(1)
5.6.2.1 Epistemic modality and temporality
175(2)
5.6.2.2 Will- and should-type modal markers (prediction and weak necessity)
177(1)
5.6.2.3 Must-type (strong necessity) modal markers
177(2)
5.6.2.4 The development of subordinating mood: one more type of `extreme' subjectification
179(4)
5.6.2.5 Summary
183(2)
6 Shifts Between Types of Modality in Traditional Terms
185(74)
6.1 Between necessity and possibility
185(14)
6.1.1 From possibility to necessity: English must/German mussen
187(3)
6.1.2 From necessity to possibility
190(1)
6.1.2.1 German durfen
190(2)
6.1.2.2 German modal infinitives
192(3)
6.1.2.3 Other Indo-European modal infinitives
195(2)
6.1.3 Summary
197(2)
6.2 Between participant-internal and participant-external modality
199(22)
6.2.1 From participant-internal to participant-external possibility
201(1)
6.2.2 From participant-external to participant-internal possibility
202(1)
6.2.2.1 Non-historical data
202(1)
6.2.2.2 Chinese de
203(2)
6.2.2.3 Thai and Japanese markers
205(4)
6.2.3 From participant-internal to participant-external necessity
209(1)
6.2.4 From participant-external to participant-internal necessity
210(5)
6.2.5 Chinese de: the whole story
215(5)
6.2.6 Summary
220(1)
6.3 `Deontic > epistemic' and its limits
221(36)
6.3.1 Linguistic contexts for the change from deontic to epistemic
222(1)
6.3.2 Synchronic observations
222(2)
6.3.3 The diachronic perspective
224(1)
6.3.3.1 Wide-scope readings with generic or expletive subjects, and in passive and impersonal constructions
224(7)
6.3.3.2 Stative propositions
231(1)
6.3.3.3 Adverbs with epistemic readings
232(1)
6.3.3.4 Controllability
232(1)
6.3.4 Comparison with Japanese
233(1)
6.3.4.1 Wide-scope readings with generic or expletive subjects, and in passive and impersonal constructions
234(1)
6.3.4.2 Stative propositions
235(1)
6.3.4.3 Epistemic adverbs
236(1)
6.3.4.4 Controllability
237(1)
6.3.5 Summary
238(1)
6.3.6 Conditions within the semantic field of modality
239(1)
6.3.6.1 Modal verbs as a replacement of verbal mood
240(1)
6.3.6.2 Modal verbs as a replacement of aspect
241(2)
6.3.6.3 Adverbs
243(1)
6.3.6.4 Comparison with Japanese
244(3)
6.3.6.5 Summary
247(1)
6.3.7 Sociocultural factors
248(1)
6.3.7.1 Cross-linguistic distribution of deontic/circumstantial necessity and participant-internal/circumstantial possibility markers
249(2)
6.3.7.2 Cross-linguistic paucity of `must'-type deontic markers and possible factors leading to it
251(6)
6.4 Summary
257(2)
7 Into (and Out of) Modality
259(24)
7.1 Voice and modality
260(8)
7.1.1 Modal voice constructions
260(3)
7.1.2 Modal constructions with voice-like features
263(1)
7.1.3 Summary of constructions
264(1)
7.1.4 Motivation for modal voice constructions
264(4)
7.2 Possession and modality
268(5)
7.2.1 Modal possessive constructions
269(1)
7.2.2 Modal constructions with possessive features
270(2)
7.2.3 Summary of constructions
272(1)
7.2.4 Motivations for modal possessive constructions
272(1)
7.3 Aspect and modality
273(10)
7.3.1 Outline
273(1)
7.3.2 From habituality and stativity to ability
273(3)
7.3.3 Aspect-related lexical sources: verbs of motion and acquisition
276(2)
7.3.4 The prospective: a category between aspect, modality, and evidentiality
278(2)
7.3.5 From modality to aspect
280(3)
8 Conclusions
283(4)
Appendix I Comparative Table of Modal Terminology 287(4)
References 291(30)
Subject Index 321(6)
Language Index 327(2)
Author Index 329
Heiko Narrog is Associate Professor of Linguistics at Tohoku University. His publications include Modality in Japanese (Benjamins 2009); and, with Bernd Heine, The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis (OUP 2010) and The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization (OUP 2011).
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