Foreword |
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v | |
Preface |
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ix | |
1 Introduction to Simulation and Computer-aided Design of Control Systems |
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1 | (16) |
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1.1 A Brief Historic Review of the Development of Computer-aided Design of Control Systems |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Introduction to the CACSD Languages and Environments |
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2 | (3) |
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1.3 Development of Simulation Software |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4 MATLAB/Simulink and Their CACSD Toolboxes |
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6 | (2) |
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1.5 Overview of CACSD Approaches |
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8 | (2) |
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1.6 Fundamental Structures and Contents of This Book |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (2) |
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Bibliography and References |
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14 | (3) |
2 Fundamentals of MATLAB Programming |
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17 | (44) |
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2.1 Basics in MATLAB Programming |
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18 | (4) |
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2.1.1 Variables and Constants in MATLAB |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Basic Statement Structures of MATLAB |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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2.1.5 Sub-matrix Extraction |
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22 | (1) |
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2.2 Basic Mathematical Operations |
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22 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Algebraic Calculations of Matrices |
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22 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Logic Operations of Matrices |
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24 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Relationship Operations of Matrices |
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24 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Simplifications and Presentations of Analytical Results |
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24 | (2) |
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2.2.5 Basic Number Theory Computations |
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26 | (1) |
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2.3 Flow Control Structures in MATLAB Programming |
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27 | (3) |
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2.3.1 Loop Control Structures |
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27 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Conditional Structure |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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2.4 Function Writing and Debugging |
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30 | (4) |
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2.4.1 Basic Structure of MATLAB Functions |
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30 | (3) |
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2.4.2 Functions with Variable Numbers of Inputs and Outputs |
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33 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Anonymous and Inline Functions |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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2.5 Two-dimensional Graphics |
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34 | (7) |
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2.5.1 Basic Statements of Two-dimensional Plotting |
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34 | (3) |
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2.5.2 Other Graphics Functions with Applications |
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37 | (2) |
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2.5.3 Implicit Function Visualizations |
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39 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Graph Editing and Decorations |
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39 | (2) |
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2.6 Three-dimensional Visualization |
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41 | (4) |
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2.6.1 Three-dimensional Curves |
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41 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Three-dimensional Surfaces |
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41 | (3) |
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2.6.3 Viewpoint Setting in 3D Plots |
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44 | (1) |
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2.7 Graphical User Interface Design in MATLAB |
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45 | (12) |
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2.7.1 Graphical User Interface Tool - Guide |
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46 | (1) |
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2.7.2 Handle Graphics and Properties of Objects |
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46 | (6) |
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52 | (1) |
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2.7.4 An Illustrative Example in GUI Design |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (2) |
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2.7.6 Embedding ActiveX Components in GUIs |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (3) |
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Bibliography and References |
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60 | (1) |
3 MATLAB Solutions to Scientific Computation Problems |
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61 | (34) |
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3.1 MATLAB Solutions to Linear Algebra Problems |
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62 | (4) |
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3.1.1 Fundamental Analysis of Matrices |
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62 | (2) |
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3.1.2 Matrix Decomposition |
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64 | (2) |
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3.1.3 Matrix Exponential eA and Exponential Function eAt |
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66 | (1) |
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3.2 Solutions of Algebraic Equations |
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66 | (8) |
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3.2.1 Solutions of Linear Algebraic Equations |
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66 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Solutions of Nonlinear Equations |
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69 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Solutions of Nonlinear Matrix Equations |
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72 | (2) |
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3.3 Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations |
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74 | (7) |
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3.3.1 Numerical Solutions to First-order Explicit ODEs |
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74 | (3) |
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3.3.2 Conversions of ODEs |
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77 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Validations of Numerical Solutions |
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78 | (2) |
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3.3.4 Analytical Solutions to Linear ODEs |
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80 | (1) |
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3.4 MATLAB Solutions to Optimization Problems |
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81 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Unconstrained Optimization Problems |
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81 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Constrained Optimization Problems |
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82 | (2) |
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3.4.3 Least Squares Curve Fitting |
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84 | (2) |
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3.5 Laplace and z Transforms and MATLAB Solutions |
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86 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (6) |
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Bibliography and References |
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94 | (1) |
4 Mathematical Models of Linear Control Systems |
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95 | (56) |
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4.1 Linear System Models of Linear Continuous Systems |
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96 | (7) |
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4.1.1 Transfer Function Models |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (1) |
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4.1.3 State Space Models with Internal Delays |
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100 | (1) |
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4.1.4 Zero-pole-gain Models |
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100 | (2) |
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4.1.5 Transfer Function Matrices of Multivariable Systems |
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102 | (1) |
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4.2 Mathematical Models of Linear Discrete-time Systems |
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103 | (2) |
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4.2.1 Discrete-time Transfer Function Models |
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103 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Discrete-time State Space Models |
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104 | (1) |
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4.3 Equivalent Conversions of System Models |
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105 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Conversion Between Continuous and Discrete-time Models |
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105 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Converting to Transfer Function Models |
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107 | (1) |
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4.3.3 State Space Realization of Control Systems |
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108 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Balanced Realizations |
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108 | (1) |
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4.3.5 Minimum Realization of State Space Models |
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109 | (1) |
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4.3.6 Conversion between Transfer Functions and Symbolic Expressions |
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110 | (1) |
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4.4 Block Diagram Description and Simplification |
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110 | (11) |
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4.4.1 Typical Connections of Control Systems |
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110 | (4) |
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4.4.2 Delay Loop Processing with State Space Models |
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114 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Equivalent Transforms When the Nodes Are Moved |
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116 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Simplification of Complicated Block Diagrams |
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117 | (2) |
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4.4.5 Model Simplification Using An Algebraic Approach |
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119 | (2) |
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4.5 Model Reduction of Linear Systems |
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121 | (13) |
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4.5.1 Pade Approximations and Routh Approximations |
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122 | (3) |
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4.5.2 Pade Approximations to Models with Time Delays |
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125 | (2) |
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4.5.3 Sub-optimal Model Reduction to Models with Time Delays |
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127 | (4) |
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4.5.4 Reduction Approaches for State Space Models |
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131 | (3) |
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4.6 Identification of Linear Systems |
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134 | (10) |
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4.6.1 Identification of Discrete-time Models |
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134 | (4) |
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4.6.2 Order Selection in Identification |
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138 | (2) |
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4.6.3 Generation of Signals for Identification |
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140 | (1) |
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4.6.4 Identification of Continuous Systems |
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141 | (1) |
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4.6.5 Identification of Multivariable Systems |
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142 | (1) |
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4.6.6 Least Squares Recursive Identification |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (4) |
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Bibliography and References |
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148 | (3) |
5 Computer-Aided Analysis of Linear Control Systems |
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151 | (58) |
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5.1 Properties of Linear Control Systems |
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151 | (15) |
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5.1.1 Stability of Linear Systems |
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152 | (3) |
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5.1.2 Internal Stability of Feedback Control Systems |
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155 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Similarity Transformation of Linear Control Systems |
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156 | (1) |
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5.1.4 Controllability of Linear Systems |
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157 | (2) |
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5.1.5 Observability of Linear Systems |
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159 | (1) |
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5.1.6 Canonical Kalman Decompositions |
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160 | (1) |
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5.1.7 MATLAB Solutions to Canonical State Space Models |
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161 | (4) |
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5.1.8 Norms of Linear Systems |
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165 | (1) |
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5.2 Analytical Time Domain Responses of Linear Systems |
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166 | (9) |
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5.2.1 Analytical Solutions with Direct Integration Method |
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166 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Analytical Solutions with State Augmentation Method |
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167 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Analytical Solutions with Laplace and z Transforms |
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169 | (3) |
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5.2.4 Time Responses of Systems with Nonzero Initial Conditions |
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172 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Time Response Specifications of Second-order Systems |
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173 | (2) |
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5.3 Numerical Solutions of Time Domain Responses |
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175 | (7) |
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5.3.1 Step Responses and Impulse Responses |
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175 | (5) |
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5.3.2 Time Domain Responses for Arbitrary Inputs |
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180 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Responses for Systems with Nonzero Initial Conditions |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (6) |
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5.5 Frequency Domain Analysis |
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188 | (8) |
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5.5.1 Frequency Domain Analysis of Single Variable Systems |
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189 | (4) |
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5.5.2 Stability Assessment of Feedback Systems |
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193 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Gain Margins and Phase Margins |
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194 | (2) |
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5.6 Frequency Domain Analysis of Multivariable Systems |
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196 | (7) |
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5.6.1 Frequency Domain Analysis of Multivariable Systems |
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196 | (2) |
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5.6.2 Diagonal Dominance Analysis |
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198 | (4) |
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5.6.3 Singular Value Plots for Multivariable Systems |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (5) |
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Bibliography and References |
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208 | (1) |
6 Simulink and Simulation of Nonlinear Systems |
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209 | (54) |
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6.1 Fundamentals of Simulink Modeling |
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210 | (7) |
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6.1.1 Introduction to Simulink |
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210 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Commonly Used Blocks in Simulink |
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211 | (5) |
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6.1.3 Other Commonly Used Blocksets |
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216 | (1) |
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6.2 Simulink Modeling and Simulation |
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217 | (9) |
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6.2.1 Introduction to Simulink Modeling Methodology |
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217 | (4) |
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6.2.2 Simulation Algorithms and Simulation Parameter Selections |
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221 | (2) |
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6.2.3 An Illustrative Example of Simulink Modeling |
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223 | (3) |
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6.3 Simulink Modeling of Various Control Systems |
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226 | (11) |
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6.4 Analysis and Simulation of Nonlinear Systems |
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237 | (6) |
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6.4.1 Modeling of Piecewise Nonlinearities |
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237 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Linearization of Nonlinear Systems |
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239 | (4) |
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6.5 Subsystem and Model Masking Methods |
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243 | (7) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (5) |
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6.5.3 Constructing Users' Own Block Library |
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249 | (1) |
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6.6 M-function, S-function and Their Applications |
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250 | (8) |
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6.6.1 Basic Structure of M-function Blocks |
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250 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Basic Structures of S-functions |
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251 | (1) |
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6.6.3 Examples of MATLAB S-function Programming |
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252 | (5) |
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6.6.4 Mask an S-Function Block |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (3) |
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Bibliography and References |
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261 | (2) |
7 Classical Design Approaches of Control Systems |
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263 | (56) |
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7.1 Design of Phase Lead-lag Compensators |
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264 | (6) |
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7.1.1 Lead-leg Compensators |
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264 | (2) |
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7.1.2 A Design Algorithm for Lead-lag Compensator |
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266 | (4) |
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7.2 State Space-based Controller Design Strategies |
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270 | (11) |
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7.2.1 State Feedback Control |
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270 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Linear Quadratic Optimal Regulators |
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271 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Pole Placement Controller Design |
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273 | (3) |
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7.2.4 Observer Design and Observer-based Regulators |
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276 | (5) |
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7.3 Optimal Controller Design |
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281 | (9) |
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7.3.1 Introduction to Optimal Control |
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281 | (3) |
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7.3.2 An Optimal Controller Design Interface |
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284 | (5) |
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7.3.3 Other Applications of OCD Interface |
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289 | (1) |
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7.4 Controller Design Interfaces in Control System Toolbox |
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290 | (6) |
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7.4.1 Introduction to MATLAB Controller Design Interface |
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290 | (3) |
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7.4.2 An Example of Parameter Automatic Tuning for Single Variable Systems |
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293 | (3) |
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7.5 Frequency Domain Design Methods for Multivariable Systems |
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296 | (14) |
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7.5.1 Diagonal Dominant and Pseudo-diagonalization |
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297 | (5) |
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7.5.2 Parameter Optimization Design for Multivariable Systems |
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302 | (6) |
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7.5.3 Optimal Controller Design with OCD Interface |
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308 | (2) |
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7.6 Decoupling Control of Multivariable Systems |
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310 | (4) |
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7.6.1 Decoupling Control with State Feedback |
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310 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Decoupling of State Feedback with Pole Placement |
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311 | (3) |
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314 | (3) |
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Bibliography and References |
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317 | (2) |
8 Parameter Tuning of PID Controllers |
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319 | (40) |
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8.1 Introduction to PID Controller Design |
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320 | (4) |
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8.1.1 Continuous PID Controllers |
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320 | (2) |
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8.1.2 Discrete PID Controllers |
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322 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Variations of PID Controllers |
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323 | (1) |
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8.2 First-order Delay Model Approximation to Plant Models |
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324 | (4) |
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8.2.1 FOPDT Model by Step Responses |
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324 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Fitting by Frequency Domain Responses |
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326 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Transfer Function-based Identification |
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327 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Sub-optimal Reduction Method |
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327 | (1) |
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8.3 Parameter Tuning of PID Controllers for FOPDT Plants |
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328 | (10) |
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8.3.1 Ziegler-Nichols Empirical Formula |
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328 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Improved Ziegler-Nichols Algorithm |
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330 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Improved PID Control Structure and Algorithms |
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332 | (3) |
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8.3.4 Chien-Hrones-Reswick Parameter Tuning Algorithm |
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335 | (1) |
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8.3.5 Optimal PID Controller Tuning Rule |
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336 | (2) |
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8.4 PID Tuner - A PID Controller Design Interface |
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338 | (3) |
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8.5 PID Parameters Tuning for Other Plant Types |
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341 | (10) |
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8.5.1 PD and PID Parameter Tuning for IPD Plants |
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341 | (1) |
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8.5.2 PD and PID Parameter Tuning for FOLIPD Plants |
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342 | (1) |
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8.5.3 PD and PID Parameter Tuning for Unstable FOPDT Plants |
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343 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Interactive PID Controller Tuning Interface |
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344 | (3) |
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8.5.5 PID Controller Design and Timing |
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347 | (3) |
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8.5.6 Automatic Tuning Tool based on MATLAB and Simulink |
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350 | (1) |
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8.6 OptimPID - An Optimal PID Controller Design Interface |
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351 | (5) |
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356 | (2) |
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Bibliography and References |
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358 | (1) |
9 Robust Control and Robust Controller Design |
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359 | (48) |
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9.1 Linear Quadratic Gaussian Control |
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360 | (9) |
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360 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Solving LQG Problems with MATLAB |
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360 | (4) |
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9.1.3 LQG Control with Loop Transfer Recovery |
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364 | (5) |
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9.2 General Descriptions to Robust Control Problems |
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369 | (8) |
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369 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Structures of Robust Controllers |
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369 | (3) |
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9.2.3 Description of Loop Shaping Techniques |
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372 | (1) |
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9.2.4 MATLAB Description of Robust Control Systems |
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373 | (4) |
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9.3 Norm-based Robust Controller Design |
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377 | (10) |
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9.3.1 Design of Hinfinity and H2 Robust Controllers |
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377 | (5) |
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9.3.2 Other Robust Controller Design Functions |
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382 | (4) |
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9.3.3 Youla Parameterization |
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386 | (1) |
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9.4 Linear Matrix Inequality Theory and Solutions |
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387 | (10) |
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9.4.1 General Descriptions of Linear Matrix Inequalities |
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387 | (3) |
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9.4.2 MATLAB Solutions to Linear Matrix Inequality Problems |
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390 | (3) |
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9.4.3 Optimization Problem Solutions with YALMIP Toolbox |
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393 | (1) |
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9.4.4 Simultaneous Stabilization Multiple Linear Models |
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394 | (1) |
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9.4.5 Robust Optimal Controller Design with LMI Solvers |
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395 | (2) |
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9.5 Quantitative Feedback Theory and Design Methods |
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397 | (7) |
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9.5.1 Introduction to Quantitative Feedback Theory |
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397 | (1) |
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9.5.2 QFT Design Method for Single Variable Systems |
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398 | (6) |
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404 | (1) |
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Bibliography and References |
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405 | (2) |
10 Adaptive and Intelligent Control Systems Design |
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407 | (70) |
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10.1 Design of Adaptive Control Systems |
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408 | (10) |
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10.1.1 Design and Simulation of Model Reference Adaptive Control Systems |
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409 | (2) |
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10.1.2 Solutions of Polynomial Diophantine Equations |
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411 | (2) |
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10.1.3 d-step Ahead Forecast |
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413 | (1) |
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10.1.4 Design of Minimum Variance Controllers |
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414 | (2) |
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10.1.5 Generalized Minimum Variance Control |
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416 | (2) |
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10.2 Simulation and Design of Model Predictive Control Systems |
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418 | (14) |
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10.2.1 Dynamic Matrix Control |
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419 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Design of Model Predictive Controllers with MATLAB |
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420 | (6) |
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10.2.3 Design and Simulation of Model Predictive Control for Complicated Plants |
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426 | (3) |
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10.2.4 Generalized Predictive Control Systems and Simulations |
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429 | (3) |
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10.3 Fuzzy Control and Fuzzy Logic Controller Design |
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432 | (10) |
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10.3.1 Fuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Inference |
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432 | (2) |
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10.3.2 Design of Fuzzy PD Controller |
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434 | (5) |
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10.3.3 Design of Fuzzy PID Controllers |
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439 | (3) |
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10.4 Neural Networks and Neural Network Controller Design |
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442 | (14) |
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10.4.1 Introduction to Neural Networks |
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443 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Design of PID Controller with Single Neurons |
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444 | (3) |
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10.4.3 PID Controller with Back-propagation Neural Networks |
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447 | (2) |
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10.4.4 PID Controller with Radial Basis Function-based Neural Network |
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449 | (2) |
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10.4.5 Design and Simulation of Neural Network Controllers |
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451 | (5) |
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10.5 Simulation Analysis of Iterative Learning Control |
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456 | (6) |
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10.5.1 Principles of Iterative Learning Control |
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456 | (2) |
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10.5.2 Iterative Learning Control Algorithms |
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458 | (4) |
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10.6 Design of Global Optimal Controllers |
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462 | (9) |
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10.6.1 Introduction to Genetic Algorithm |
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462 | (2) |
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10.6.2 Solving Global Optimization Problems with Genetic Algorithms |
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464 | (3) |
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10.6.3 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithms and Applications |
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467 | (1) |
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10.6.4 Optimal Controller Design with Global Optimization Algorithms |
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468 | (3) |
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471 | (3) |
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Bibliography and References |
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474 | (3) |
11 Analysis and Design of Fractional-order Systems |
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477 | (46) |
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11.1 Definitions and Numerical Computations in Fractional-order Calculus |
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478 | (2) |
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11.1.1 Definitions of Fractional-order Calculus |
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478 | (1) |
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11.1.2 The Relationship of Different Definitions |
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479 | (1) |
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11.1.3 Properties of Fractional-order Calculus |
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480 | (1) |
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11.2 Numerical Computations in Fractional-order Calculus |
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480 | (5) |
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11.2.1 Numerical Solutions with Grunwald-Letnikov Definition |
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481 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Numerical Solutions with Caputo Definition |
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482 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Mittag-Leffler Functions and Their Computations |
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483 | (2) |
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11.3 Solutions of Linear Fractional-order Systems |
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485 | (6) |
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11.3.1 Numerical Solutions of Linear Fractional-order Differential Equations |
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485 | (2) |
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11.3.2 Numerical Solutions of Caputo Differential Equations |
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487 | (2) |
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11.3.3 Some Important Laplace Transforms |
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489 | (1) |
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11.3.4 Analytical Solutions of Commensurate-order Linear Differential Equations |
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489 | (2) |
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11.3.5 Analytical Solutions of Linear Fractional-order Differential Equations |
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491 | (1) |
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11.4 Modeling and Analysis of Fractional-order Transfer Functions |
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491 | (12) |
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11.4.1 FOTF - Creation of a MATLAB Object |
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492 | (2) |
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11.4.2 Interconnections of FOTF Blocks |
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494 | (2) |
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11.4.3 Analysis of FOTF Objects |
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496 | (3) |
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11.4.4 Frequency Domain Analysis of FOTF Objects |
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499 | (1) |
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11.4.5 Time Domain Analysis of FOTF Objects |
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499 | (2) |
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11.4.6 Root Locus for Commensurate-order Systems |
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501 | (1) |
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11.4.7 State Space Models of Commensurate-order Systems |
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502 | (1) |
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11.5 Approximation and Reduction of Fractional-order Systems |
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503 | (5) |
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11.5.1 Oustaloup Filter for Fractional-order Differentiators |
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503 | (2) |
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11.5.2 Approximations of Fractional-order Controllers |
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505 | (1) |
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11.5.3 Optimal Reduction Algorithm for Fractional-order Models |
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506 | (2) |
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11.6 Simulation Methods for Complicated Fractional-order Systems |
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508 | (5) |
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11.6.1 Simulation with Numerical Laplace Transform |
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508 | (2) |
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11.6.2 Block Diagram Modeling and Simulation of Linear Fractional-order Systems |
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510 | (2) |
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11.6.3 Block Diagram Modeling and Simulation of Nonlinear Fractional-order Systems |
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512 | (1) |
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11.7 Design of Optimal Fractional-order PID Controllers |
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513 | (6) |
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11.7.1 Optimal Design of PIλDµ Controllers |
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513 | (5) |
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11.7.2 OptimFOPID - An Optimal Fractional-order PID Controller Design Interface |
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518 | (1) |
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519 | (2) |
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Bibliography and References |
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521 | (2) |
12 Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation and Real-time Control |
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523 | (16) |
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12.1 Introduction to dSPACE and Commonly Used Blocks |
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523 | (2) |
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12.2 Introduction to Quanser System and Its Blocks |
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525 | (3) |
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12.2.1 Introduction to Commonly Used Blocks in Quanser |
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525 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Brief Introduction to Plants in Quanser Rotary Series |
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526 | (2) |
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12.3 An Example of Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation and Real-time Control |
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528 | (6) |
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12.3.1 Mathematical Description of the Plant Model |
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528 | (2) |
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12.3.2 Real-time Experiments with Quanser |
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530 | (2) |
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12.3.3 Real-time Experiments with dSPACE |
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532 | (2) |
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12.4 Low-cost Realizations of Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation |
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534 | (4) |
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12.4.1 Arduino Interface Installation and Settings |
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534 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Applications of Arduino Control |
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535 | (2) |
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537 | (1) |
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538 | (1) |
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Bibliography and References |
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538 | (1) |
Appendix A Some Practical Plant Models |
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539 | (5) |
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A.1 Well-known Benchmark Problems |
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539 | (2) |
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A.1.1 Control of the F-14 Aircraft Model |
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539 | (1) |
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A.1.2 ACC Benchmark Problem |
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540 | (1) |
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A.2 Other Engineering Models |
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541 | (2) |
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A.2.1 Servo Control System Model |
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541 | (1) |
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A.2.2 Mathematical Model of Inverted Pendulum |
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542 | (1) |
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543 | (1) |
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543 | (1) |
Bibliography and References |
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544 | (1) |
Index of Functions |
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545 | (6) |
Index |
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551 | |