Foreword |
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xvii | |
Preface |
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xix | |
Contributors |
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xxiii | |
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PART I BASIC ASPECTS OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS |
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1 Standards and classical techniques in data analysis of customer satisfaction surveys |
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3 | (16) |
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1.1 Literature on customer satisfaction surveys |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 Customer satisfaction surveys and the business cycle |
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4 | (3) |
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1.3 Standards used in the analysis of survey data |
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7 | (5) |
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1.4 Measures and models of customer satisfaction |
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12 | (3) |
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1.4.1 The conceptual construct |
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12 | (1) |
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1.4.2 The measurement process |
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13 | (2) |
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1.5 Organization of the book |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (2) |
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17 | (2) |
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2 The ABC annual customer satisfaction survey |
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19 | (18) |
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19 | (1) |
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2.2 ABC 2010 ACSS: Demographics of respondents |
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20 | (2) |
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2.3 ABC 2010 ACSS: Overall satisfaction |
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22 | (2) |
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2.4 ABC 2010 ACSS: Analysis of topics |
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24 | (3) |
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2.5 ABC 2010 ACSS: Strengths and weaknesses and decision drivers |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (9) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (8) |
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3 Census and sample surveys |
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37 | (18) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (2) |
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3.2.1 Census and sample surveys |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Frequency of surveys |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (3) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Unit non-response and non-self-selection errors |
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43 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Item non-response and non-self-selection error |
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44 | (1) |
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3.4 Data collection methods |
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44 | (2) |
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3.5 Methods to correct non-sampling errors |
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46 | (5) |
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3.5.1 Methods to correct unit non-response errors |
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46 | (3) |
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3.5.2 Methods to correct item non-response |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (4) |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (16) |
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55 | (5) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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4.2 Scale transformations |
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60 | (11) |
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4.2.1 Scale transformations referred to single items |
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61 | (5) |
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4.2.2 Scale transformations to obtain scores on a unique interval scale |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (18) |
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71 | (2) |
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5.2 Information sources and related problems |
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73 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Types of data sources |
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73 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Advantages of using secondary source data |
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73 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Problems with secondary source data |
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74 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Internal sources of secondary information |
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75 | (3) |
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78 | (9) |
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78 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Methods and tools in RCA |
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81 | (4) |
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5.3.3 Root cause analysis and customer satisfaction |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (18) |
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89 | (1) |
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6.2 Main types of web surveys |
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90 | (1) |
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6.3 Economic benefits of web survey research |
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91 | (3) |
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6.3.1 Fixed and variable costs |
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92 | (2) |
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6.4 Non-economic benefits of web survey research |
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94 | (2) |
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6.5 Main drawbacks of web survey research |
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96 | (4) |
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6.6 Web surveys for customer and employee satisfaction projects |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (5) |
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102 | (5) |
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7 The concept and assessment of customer satisfaction |
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107 | (22) |
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107 | (1) |
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7.2 The quality-satisfaction-loyalty chain |
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108 | (7) |
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108 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Definitions of customer satisfaction |
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108 | (2) |
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7.2.3 From general conceptions to a measurement model of customer satisfaction |
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110 | (2) |
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7.2.4 Going beyond Servqual: Other dimensions of relevance to the B2B context |
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112 | (1) |
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7.2.5 From customer satisfaction to customer loyalty |
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113 | (2) |
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7.3 Customer satisfaction assessment: Some methodological considerations |
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115 | (4) |
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115 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Think big: An assessment programme |
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115 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Back to basics: Questionnaire design |
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116 | (2) |
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7.3.4 Impact of questionnaire design on interpretation |
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118 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Additional concerns in the B2B setting |
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119 | (1) |
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7.4 The ABC ACSS questionnaire: An evaluation |
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119 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Methodological issues |
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120 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Overall ABC ACSS questionnaire asssessment |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (8) |
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122 | (4) |
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126 | (3) |
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8 Missing data and imputation methods |
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129 | (26) |
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129 | (2) |
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8.2 Missing-data patterns and missing-data mechanisms |
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131 | (3) |
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8.2.1 Missing-data patterns |
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131 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Missing-data mechanisms and ignorability |
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132 | (2) |
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8.3 Simple approaches to the missing-data problem |
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134 | (2) |
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8.3.1 Complete-case analysis |
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134 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Available-case analysis |
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135 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Weighting adjustment for unit nonresponse |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (6) |
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8.5.1 Multiple-imputation inference for a scalar estimand |
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138 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Proper multiple imputation |
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139 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Appropriately drawing imputations with monotone missing-data patterns |
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140 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Appropriately drawing imputations with nonmonotone missing-data patterns |
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141 | (1) |
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8.5.5 Multiple imputation in practice |
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142 | (1) |
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8.5.6 Software for multiple imputation |
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143 | (1) |
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8.6 Model-based approaches to the analysis of missing data |
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144 | (1) |
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8.7 Addressing missing data in the ABC annual customer satisfaction survey: An example |
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145 | (4) |
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149 | (6) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (5) |
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9 Outliers and robustness for ordinal data |
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155 | (18) |
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9.1 An overview of outlier detection methods |
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155 | (2) |
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9.2 An example of masking |
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157 | (2) |
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9.3 Detection of outliers in ordinal variables |
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159 | (1) |
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9.4 Detection of bivariate ordinal outliers |
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160 | (1) |
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9.5 Detection of multivariate outliers in ordinal regression |
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161 | (7) |
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161 | (2) |
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9.5.2 Results from the application |
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163 | (5) |
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168 | (5) |
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168 | (5) |
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PART II MODERN TECHNIQUES IN CUSTOMER SATISFACTION SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS |
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10 Statistical inference for causal effects |
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173 | (20) |
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10.1 Introduction to the potential outcome approach to causal inference |
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173 | (6) |
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10.1.1 Causal inference primitives: Units, treatments, and potential outcomes |
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175 | (1) |
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10.1.2 Learning about causal effects: Multiple units and the stable unit treatment value assumption |
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176 | (1) |
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10.1.3 Defining causal estimands |
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177 | (2) |
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10.2 Assignment mechanisms |
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179 | (3) |
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10.2.1 The criticality of the assignment mechanism |
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179 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Unconfounded and strongly ignorable assignment mechanisms |
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180 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Confounded and ignorable assignment mechanisms |
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181 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Randomized and observational studies |
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181 | (1) |
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10.3 Inference in classical randomized experiments |
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182 | (3) |
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10.3.1 Fisher's approach and extensions |
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183 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Neyman's approach to randomization-based inference |
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183 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Covariates, regression models, and Bayesian model-based inference |
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184 | (1) |
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10.4 Inference in observational studies |
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185 | (8) |
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10.4.1 Inference in regular designs |
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186 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Designing observational studies: The role of the propensity score |
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186 | (2) |
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10.4.3 Estimation methods |
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188 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Inference in irregular designs |
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188 | (1) |
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10.4.5 Sensitivity and bounds |
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189 | (1) |
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10.4.6 Broken randomized experiments as templates for the analysis of some irregular designs |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
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11 Bayesian networks applied to customer surveys |
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193 | (24) |
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11.1 Introduction to Bayesian networks |
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193 | (4) |
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11.2 The Bayesian network model in practice |
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197 | (14) |
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11.2.1 Bayesian network analysis of the ABC 2010 ACSS |
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197 | (4) |
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11.2.2 Transport data analysis |
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201 | (9) |
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11.2.3 R packages and other software programs used for studying BNs |
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210 | (1) |
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11.3 Prediction and explanation |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (4) |
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213 | (4) |
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12 Log-linear model methods |
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217 | (14) |
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217 | (1) |
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12.2 Overview of log-linear models and methods |
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218 | (6) |
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218 | (2) |
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12.2.2 Hierarchical log-linear models |
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220 | (2) |
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12.2.3 Model search and selection |
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222 | (1) |
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12.2.4 Sparseness in contingency tables and its implications |
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223 | (1) |
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12.2.5 Computer programs for log-linear model analysis |
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223 | (1) |
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12.3 Application to ABC survey data |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (4) |
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228 | (3) |
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13 CUB models: Statistical methods and empirical evidence |
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231 | (28) |
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231 | (2) |
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13.2 Logical foundations and psychological motivations |
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233 | (1) |
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13.3 A class of models for ordinal data |
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233 | (3) |
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13.4 Main inferential issues |
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236 | (2) |
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13.5 Specification of CUB models with subjects' covariates |
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238 | (2) |
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13.6 Interpreting the role of covariates |
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240 | (1) |
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13.7 A more general sampling framework |
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241 | (3) |
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13.7.1 Objects' covariates |
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241 | (2) |
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13.7.2 Contextual covariates |
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243 | (1) |
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13.8 Applications of CUB models |
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244 | (4) |
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13.8.1 Models for the ABC annual customer satisfaction survey |
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245 | (1) |
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13.8.2 Students' satisfaction with a university orientation service |
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246 | (2) |
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13.9 Further generalizations |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (8) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (4) |
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255 | (1) |
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A program in R for CUB models |
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255 | (1) |
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A.1 Main structure of the program |
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255 | (1) |
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A.2 Inference on CUB models |
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255 | (1) |
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A.3 Output of CUB models estimation program |
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256 | (1) |
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A.4 Visualization of several CUB models in the parameter space |
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257 | (1) |
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A.5 Inference on CUB models in a multi-object framework |
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257 | (1) |
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A.6 Advanced software support for CUB models |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (24) |
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14.1 An overview of the Rasch model |
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259 | (8) |
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14.1.1 The origins and the properties of the model |
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259 | (4) |
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14.1.2 Rasch model for hierarchical and longitudinal data |
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263 | (2) |
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14.1.3 Rasch model applications in customer satisfaction surveys |
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265 | (2) |
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14.2 The Rasch model in practice |
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267 | (10) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (4) |
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272 | (5) |
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14.3 Rasch model software |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (5) |
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279 | (4) |
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15 Tree-based methods and decision trees |
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283 | (26) |
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15.1 An overview of tree-based methods and decision trees |
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283 | (17) |
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15.1.1 The origins of tree-based methods |
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283 | (1) |
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15.1.2 Tree graphs, tree-based methods and decision trees |
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284 | (3) |
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287 | (6) |
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293 | (2) |
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295 | (2) |
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15.1.6 A comparison of CART, CHAID and PARTY |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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15.1.8 Tree-based methods for applications in customer satisfaction surveys |
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298 | (2) |
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15.2 Tree-based methods and decision trees in practice |
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300 | (4) |
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15.2.1 ABC ACSS data analysis with tree-based methods |
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300 | (3) |
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15.2.2 Packages and software implementing tree-based methods |
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303 | (1) |
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15.3 Further developments |
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304 | (5) |
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304 | (5) |
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309 | (24) |
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309 | (1) |
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16.2 The general formulation of a structural equation model |
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310 | (3) |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (6) |
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16.4 Statistical interpretation of PLS |
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319 | (1) |
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16.5 Geometrical interpretation of PLS |
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320 | (1) |
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16.6 Comparison of the properties of PLS and LISREL procedures |
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321 | (2) |
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16.7 Available software for PLS estimation |
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323 | (1) |
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16.8 Application to real data: Customer satisfaction analysis |
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323 | (10) |
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329 | (4) |
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17 Nonlinear principal component analysis |
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333 | (24) |
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333 | (1) |
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17.2 Homogeneity analysis and nonlinear principal component analysis |
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334 | (4) |
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17.2.1 Homogeneity analysis |
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334 | (2) |
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17.2.2 Nonlinear principal component analysis |
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336 | (2) |
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17.3 Analysis of customer satisfaction |
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338 | (2) |
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17.3.1 The setting up of indicator |
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338 | (2) |
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17.3.2 Additional analysis |
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340 | (1) |
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17.4 Dealing with missing data |
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340 | (3) |
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17.5 Nonlinear principal component analysis versus two competitors |
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343 | (1) |
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17.6 Application to the ABC ACSS data |
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344 | (11) |
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344 | (1) |
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17.6.2 The homals package |
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345 | (1) |
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17.6.3 Analysis on the `complete subset' |
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346 | (4) |
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17.6.4 Comparison of NLPCA with PCA and Rasch analysis |
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350 | (2) |
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17.6.5 Analysis of `entire data set' for the comparison of missing data treatments |
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352 | (3) |
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355 | (2) |
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355 | (2) |
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18 Multidimensional scaling |
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357 | (34) |
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18.1 An overview of multidimensional scaling techniques |
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357 | (17) |
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18.1.1 The origins of MDS models |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (3) |
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362 | (7) |
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18.1.4 Assessing the goodness of MDS solutions |
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369 | (2) |
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18.1.5 Comparing two MDS solutions: Procrustes analysis |
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371 | (1) |
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18.1.6 Robustness issues in the MDS framework |
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371 | (2) |
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18.1.7 Handling missing values in MDS framework |
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373 | (1) |
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18.1.8 MDS applications in customer satisfaction surveys |
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373 | (1) |
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18.2 Multidimensional scaling in practice |
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374 | (12) |
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18.2.1 Data sets analysed |
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375 | (1) |
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18.2.2 MDS analyses of overall satisfaction with a set of ABC features: The complete data set |
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375 | (6) |
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18.2.3 Weighting objects or items |
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381 | (1) |
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18.2.4 Robustness analysis with the forward search |
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382 | (1) |
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18.2.5 MDS analyses of overall satisfaction with a set of ABC features: The incomplete data set |
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383 | (1) |
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18.2.6 Package and software for MDS methods |
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384 | (2) |
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18.3 Multidimensional scaling in a future perspective |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (5) |
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387 | (4) |
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19 Multilevel models for ordinal data |
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391 | (22) |
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391 | (2) |
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19.2 Standard models for ordinal data |
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393 | (2) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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19.3 Multilevel models for ordinal data |
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395 | (9) |
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19.3.1 Representation as an underlying linear model with thresholds |
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396 | (1) |
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19.3.2 Marginal versus conditional effects |
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397 | (1) |
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19.3.3 Summarizing the cluster-level unobserved heterogeneity |
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397 | (1) |
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19.3.4 Consequences of adding a covariate |
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398 | (1) |
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19.3.5 Predicted probabilities |
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399 | (1) |
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19.3.6 Cluster-level covariates and contextual effects |
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399 | (1) |
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19.3.7 Estimation of model parameters |
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400 | (1) |
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19.3.8 Inference on model parameters |
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401 | (1) |
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19.3.9 Prediction of random effects |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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19.4 Multilevel models for ordinal data in practice: An application to student ratings |
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404 | (9) |
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408 | (5) |
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20 Quality standards and control charts applied to customer surveys |
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413 | (26) |
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20.1 Quality standards and customer satisfaction |
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413 | (1) |
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20.2 ISO 10004 guidelines for monitoring and measuring customer satisfaction |
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414 | (3) |
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20.3 Control Charts and ISO 7870 |
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417 | (3) |
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20.4 Control charts and customer surveys: Standard assumptions |
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420 | (6) |
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420 | (1) |
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20.4.2 Standard control charts |
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420 | (6) |
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20.5 Control charts and customer surveys: Non-standard methods |
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426 | (7) |
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20.5.1 Weights on counts: Another application of the c chart |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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20.5.3 Sequential probability ratio tests |
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428 | (1) |
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20.5.4 Control chart over items: A non-standard application of SPC methods |
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429 | (3) |
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20.5.5 Bayesian control chart for attributes: A modern application of SPC methods |
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432 | (1) |
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20.5.6 Control chart for correlated Poisson counts: When things become fairly complicated |
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433 | (1) |
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20.6 The M-test for assessing sample representation |
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433 | (2) |
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435 | (4) |
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436 | (3) |
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21 Fuzzy Methods and Satisfaction Indices |
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439 | (18) |
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439 | (1) |
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21.2 Basic definitions and operations |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (2) |
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21.4 A criterion for fuzzy transformation of variables |
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443 | (2) |
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21.5 Aggregation and weighting of variables |
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|
445 | (1) |
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21.6 Application to the ABC customer satisfaction survey data |
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|
446 | (7) |
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21.6.1 The input matrices |
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|
446 | (2) |
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448 | (5) |
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|
453 | (4) |
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|
455 | (2) |
|
Appendix An introduction to R |
|
|
457 | (42) |
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|
|
457 | (1) |
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|
457 | (1) |
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A.3 Type rather than `point and click' |
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|
458 | (2) |
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|
458 | (1) |
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|
458 | (1) |
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|
459 | (1) |
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A.3.4 Installing packages |
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|
459 | (1) |
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460 | (10) |
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|
460 | (2) |
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462 | (4) |
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A.4.3 Accessing objects and subsetting |
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|
466 | (3) |
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A.4.4 Coercion between data types |
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|
469 | (1) |
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470 | (2) |
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|
472 | (1) |
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|
473 | (2) |
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A.8 Importing data from different sources |
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|
475 | (1) |
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A.9 Interacting with databases |
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|
476 | (1) |
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A.10 Simple graphics manipulation |
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|
477 | (4) |
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A.11 Basic analysis of the ABC data |
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|
481 | (15) |
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|
496 | (1) |
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A.13 Bibliographical notes |
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|
496 | (3) |
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|
496 | (3) |
Index |
|
499 | |