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Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry 42 [Hardback]

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  • Formāts: Hardback, 424 pages, height x width: 203x127 mm, weight: 581 g, 130 Illustrations, black and white; XVI, 424 p. 130 illus., 1 Hardback
  • Sērija : Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry 42
  • Izdošanas datums: 04-Apr-2008
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 038749488X
  • ISBN-13: 9780387494883
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Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry 42Palielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 424 pages, height x width: 203x127 mm, weight: 581 g, 130 Illustrations, black and white; XVI, 424 p. 130 illus., 1 Hardback
  • Sērija : Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry 42
  • Izdošanas datums: 04-Apr-2008
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 038749488X
  • ISBN-13: 9780387494883
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780387494883.html
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An analysis of recent developments in several key interfacial electrochemical systems in fuel cell electrocatalysis, electrosynthesis, and electrodeposition. Written by international experts, chapters cover several key emerging electrochemical technologies.



This volume analyzes and summarizes recent developments in several key interfacial electrochemical systems in the areas of fuel cell electrocatatalysis, electrosynthesis and electrodeposition. The six Chapters are written by internationally recognized experts in these areas and address both fundamental and practical aspects of several existing or emerging key electrochemical technologies. The Chapter by R. Adzic, N. Marinkovic and M. Vukmirovic provides a lucid and authoritative treatment of the electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of Ruthenium, a key element for the devel- ment of efficient electrodes for polymer electrolyte (PEM) fuel cells. Starting from fundamental surface science studies and interfacial considerations, this up-to-date review by some of the pioneers in this field, provides a deep insight in the complex catalytic-electrocatalytic phenomena occurring at the interfaces of PEM fuel cell electrodes and a comprehensive treatment of recent developments in this extremely important field. Several recent breakthroughs in the design of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes and cathodes are described in the Chapter of H. Uchida and M. Watanabe. The authors, who have pioneered several of these developments, provide a lucid presentation d- cribing how careful fundamental investigations of interfacial electrocatalytic anode and cathode phenomena lead to novel electrode compositions and microstructures and to significant practical advances of SOFC anode and cathode stability and enhanced electrocatalysis.
Chapter 1 SOME RECENT STUDIES IN RUTHENIUM ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ELECTROCATALYSIS
N.S. Marinkovic, M.B. Vukmirovic, and R.R. Adzic
I. Introduction
1
II. Preparation of Well-Ordered Ru Single-Crystal Surfaces
3
III. Electrochemistry of Single-Crystal Ru surfaces
3
1. Voltammetry Characterization
3
2. Surface X-Ray Diffraction Study
10
3. Infrared Spectroscopy and Anion Adsorption
11
(i) Polycrystalline Ru Electrode
12
(ii) Ru(0001) and Ru(1010) Single-Crystal Electrode Surfaces
13
4. Surface-Oxide Formation
16
(i) Gas-Phase Oxidation
16
(ii) Electrochemical Oxidation
19
IV. Electrocatalysis on Ru Single-Crystals and Nanoparticle Surfaces
20
1. Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Reactions
21
2. CO Oxidation
22
3. Oxygen Reduction Reaction
28
V. Pt-Ru Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts
32
1. Pt Submonolayers on Ru Single-Crystal Surfaces
33
(i) Adsorption Properties of Pt Submonolayers on Ru(0001)
35
2. Pt Deposition on Ru Nanoparticles
37
(i) EXAFS and TEM Characterization
38
(ii) H2/CO Oxidation
40
(iii) Fuel Cell Tests
42
3. Methanol Oxidation
44
VI. Conclusions
47
References
48
Chapter 2 HIGH-PERFORMANCE ELECTRODES FOR MEDIUM-TEMPERATURE SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS
Hiroyuki Uchida and Masahiro Watanabe
I. Introduction
53
1. Characteristics of SOFCs
53
2. Development of Medium-Temperature SOFCs
54
3. Design Concept of Catalyzed Reaction Layer for Medium-Temperature SOFC
55
II. Activation of Mixed-Conducting Ceria-Based Anode
58
1. Effect of Various Metal Catalysts Dispersed on Samaria-Doped Ceria
58
2. Effect of the Composition and Microstructure on the Performance of SDC Anodes
59
3. Activation of SDC Anode with Highly-Dispersed Ni Electrocatalysts
64
III. Activation of Mixed-Conducting Perovskite-Type Oxide Cathodes
67
1. La(Sr)MnO3 Cathode with Highly Dispersed Pt Catalysts
67
2. La(Sr)CoO3 Cathode with Ceria-Interlayer on Zirconia Electrolyte
69
3. Control of Microstructure of LSC Cathodes
70
4. Activation of the Optimized LSC Cathode by Loading nm-Sized Pt Catalysts
75
IV. Effects of Ionic Conductivity of Zirconia Electrolytes on the Polarization Properties of Various Electrodes in SOFCs
77
1. Effect of σion on the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction Rate at Porous Pt Anode
77
2. Effect of σion on Activities of Various Electrodes and the Reaction Mechanism
80
V. Conclusion
84
References
85
Chapter 3 ELECTROCHEMICAL CO2 REDUCTION ON METAL ELECTRODES
Y. Hori
I. Introduction
89
II. Fundamental Problems
90
1. Reactions Related with CO2 Reduction
90
(i) Electrochemical Equilibria
90
(ii) Equilibria of CO2 Related Species in Aqueous Solution
93
(iii) Variation of pH at the Electrode During CO2 Reduction
95
2. Problems Related with Experimental Procedures and Data Analysis
99
(i) Difference Current Obtained from Voltammetric Measurements
99
(ii) Purity of the Electrolyte Solution
100
III. Overviews of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 at Metal Electrodes
101
1. Aqueous Solutions
102
2. Nonaqueous Solutions
110
3. Methanol, another Nonaqueous Solution
113
4. Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in High Concentration
115
(i) CO2 Reduction under Elevated Pressures
115
(ii) CO2 Reduction Promoted by High Concentration
116
IV. Electroactive Species in the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2
117
V. Deactivation of Electrocatalytic Activity of Metal Electrodes
121
VI. Classification of Electrode Metals and Reaction Scheme
127
1. Classification of Electrode Metals and CO Selectivity
127
2. Electrode Potential of CO2 Reduction at Various Metal Electrodes
129
3. Formation of CO2·- Anion Radical and Further Reduction to HCOO-
130
4. Formation of Adsorbed CO2·- Leading to Further Reduction to CO or HC00-
134
5. Reaction Scheme in Nonaqueous Electrolyte
137
VII. Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO at Selected Metal and Nonmetal Electrodes
141
1. CO Formation at Au, Ag, and Zn
141
(i) Au
141
(ii) Ag
143
(iii) Zn
143
2. Platinum Group Metals
144
(i) Pt
144
(ii) Pd
148
(iii) Other Platinum Group Metals
150
3. Ni and other CO Formation Metals
151
4. Non-metallic Electrode Materials for CO2 Reduction
152
VIII. Mechanistic Studies of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 at Cu Electrode
153
1. Formation of CO as an Intermediate Species
153
2. CO2 Reduction at Cu Electrode Affected by the Potential and the CO2 Pressure
156
3. Electrolyte Solution, Anionic Species
157
4. Effects of Cationic Species in Electrolyte Solution
158
5. Reaction Mechanism at Cu Electrode
161
6. Surface Treatment, Alloying and Modification of Cu Electrode
166
7. CO2 Reduction at Cu Single-Crystal Electrodes
167
8. Adsorption of CO on Cu Electrode: Voltammetric and Spectroscopic Studies
170
IX. Attempts to Enhance the Transport Process in CO2 Reduction
175
1. Elevated Pressure
176
2. Gas-Diffusion Electrode
176
3. Solid-Polymer Electrolytes
178
4. Three-Phase Electrodes
179
X. Conclusions
180
Acknowledgment
181
List of Abbreviations
181
References
182
Chapter 4 INDUCED CODEPOSITION OF ALLOYS OF TUNGSTEN, MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM WITH TRANSITION METALS
Noam Eliaz and Eliezer Gileadi
I. Introduction
191
1. Metal Deposition as a Class of its Own
195
(i) Redox Reactions
195
(ii) Metal Deposition and Dissolution
197
2. Specific Issues in Electrodeposition of Alloys
211
(i) History
211
(ii) Special Considerations Related to Alloy Deposition
212
(iii) Anomalous Alloy Deposition
218
(iv) Possible Causes of Anomalous Alloy Deposition
222
(v) Induced Codeposition
226
(vi) Electroless Deposition of Alloys
227
II. Case Studies
229
1. Tungsten Alloys Containing Ni, Co and Fe
229
(i) Properties of Tungsten Alloys
229
(ii) Applications of Tungsten Alloys
231
(iii) Electrodeposition of Tungsten Alloys
231
(iv) New Interpretation of the Mechanism of Ni-W Codeposition
240
2. Molybdenum Alloys Containing Ni, Co and Fe
253
(i) Properties of Molybdenum Alloys
253
(ii) Applications of Molybdenum Alloys
254
(iii) Electrodeposition of Molybdenum Alloys
255
3. Rhenium and its Alloys
267
(i) Properties of Rhenium and its Alloys
267
(ii) Applications of Rhenium and its Alloys
268
(iii) Electrodeposition of Rhenium and its Alloys
270
III. Concluding Remarks
282
Acknowledgement
287
List of Abbreviations and Symbols
288
Appendices
290
References
296
Chapter 5 25 YEARS OF THE SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY
20 Years of Application of STM in Electrochemistry
Marek Szklarczyk, Marcin Strawski, and Krzysztof Bierikowski
I. Introduction
303
II. STM Landmarks
306
1. Solid-Vacuum Interface STM Investigations
307
2. STM Investigations in Air and in Liquid Environment: 20 Years in Electrochemical STM Probing
327
(i) Imaging of Metals and Metallic Deposits
338
(ii) Imaging of Adsorbed Ions Adlattices
343
(iii) Imaging of Molecules
346
(iv) Imaging of Semiconductive Materials
352
(v) Electrochemical Fabrication of Nanostructures: Nanolithography
355
III. Summary
357
Acknowledgments
360
References
360
Chapter 6 MODERN APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
M. Schlesinger
I. Introduction
369
II. LIGA, an Important Process in Micro-System Technology
370
1. Micro Systems
370
2. The LIGA Process
373
3. Microstructures Manufactured by the LIGA Process
377
(i) The Sacrificial Layer Technique
377
(ii) Microstructures with Different Shapes in the Third Dimension
377
III. Applications in Semiconductor Technology
378
1. Cu Interconnections on Chips
378
2. Deposition of Cu Interconnections on Chips
380
3. Diffusion Barriers and Seed Layer
386
4. Super-Conformal Electrodeposition of Copper into Nanometer Vias and Trenches
389
(i) Super-Conformal Electrodeposition
389
(ii) Mechanism of Super-Conformal Electrodeposition
389
(iii) Mathematical Modeling
391
IV. Information Storage: Applications in the Fields of Magnetism and Microelectronic
392
1. Magnetic Information Storage
392
2. Read/Write Heads
394
3. High Frequency Magnetics
398
4. Spintronics
400
V. Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices
401
1. Background
401
2. Electrochemical Power Sources
402
3. Electrochemical Deposition in Medical Devices
405
4. Surface Electrochemistry in the Processing of Biomaterials
408
5. Materials Science of Biomaterials
410
6. Frontiers: Various Applications in the Field of Medicine
412
VI. Conclusion
412
References
413
Index 417