List of Maps |
|
xv | |
List of Features |
|
xvii | |
List of Tables |
|
xix | |
List of Figures |
|
xxi | |
List of Photographs |
|
xxii | |
Preface |
|
xxv | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xxix | |
Technical Note |
|
xxx | |
Introduction: A Cultural Framework for Understanding China |
|
1 | (28) |
|
Top-Down Characteristics: Confucianism, Militarism, Legalism, and Sinification |
|
|
3 | (6) |
|
Radial Characteristics: Sinocentrism, Barbarian Management, and the Provincial System |
|
|
9 | (3) |
|
Bottom-Up Characteristics: Daoism, Buddhism, and Poetry |
|
|
12 | (4) |
|
Cyclical Elements: Yin and Yang, the Dynastic Cycle, and Historical Continuity |
|
|
16 | (5) |
|
Retrospective Elements: Fate and the Sources of Knowledge |
|
|
21 | (4) |
|
|
25 | (2) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
27 | (2) |
Part I: The Creation And Maturation Of An Empire, 1644-1842* |
|
29 | (122) |
|
1 The Creation of the Qing Dynasty |
|
|
35 | (20) |
|
|
35 | (3) |
|
The Qing Conquest of Ming China: Nurgaci and His Successors |
|
|
38 | (3) |
|
Grafting the Manchus onto Han China under the Shunzhi Emperor |
|
|
41 | (3) |
|
Territorial Consolidation under the Kangxi Emperor |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Institutional Consolidation under the Yongzheng Emperor |
|
|
45 | (4) |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
51 | (4) |
|
2 The Maximization of Empire under the Qianlong Emperor |
|
|
55 | (18) |
|
The Conquest of the Zunghar Mongols |
|
|
56 | (2) |
|
The Conquest of the Tarim Basin and Tibet |
|
|
58 | (2) |
|
Qing Imperial Administration: The Tributary System |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Domestic Administration: Central and Local Government |
|
|
61 | (4) |
|
The Economy of an Empire: Agriculture, Commerce, and Taxation |
|
|
65 | (4) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (3) |
|
3 Chinese Society at the Zenith of the Qing Dynasty |
|
|
73 | (14) |
|
|
73 | (4) |
|
The Four Social Groups: Scholars, Peasants, Artisans, and Merchants |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
Confucianism as an Ideology |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
Shamanism, Confucianism, and Buddhism as Instruments of Manchu Rule |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
4 The Foundations of Knowledge |
|
|
87 | (14) |
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
Thinking by Historical Analogy |
|
|
91 | (4) |
|
Understanding the Natural World |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
|
96 | (2) |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
5 The Arrival of the West |
|
|
101 | (16) |
|
|
101 | (3) |
|
The Maritime Advance: Portugal, Spain, Holland, and England |
|
|
104 | (3) |
|
The Continental Advance: Russia |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
The Legal and Religious Sources of Cultural Conflict |
|
|
109 | (3) |
|
The Technological Revolution |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (2) |
|
6 Systemic Crisis and Dynastic Decline |
|
|
117 | (16) |
|
Government Corruption and Manchu Decadence |
|
|
117 | (4) |
|
Population Growth, Ethnic Tensions, and the Miao Revolt |
|
|
121 | (3) |
|
The White Lotus Rebellion and the Eight Trigrams Revolt |
|
|
124 | (2) |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
Qing Attempts to Restore Governmental Efficacy |
|
|
127 | (3) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
7 Expanding Commercial Relations with the West |
|
|
133 | (18) |
|
The Tea Trade and the Silver Inflow |
|
|
134 | (4) |
|
The Opium Trade and the Silver Outflow |
|
|
138 | (3) |
|
The British Rejection of Sinification |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Chinese Strategy and the First Opium War |
|
|
142 | (3) |
|
The Treaty of Nanjing: Treaty Ports, Tariffs, and North-South Tensions |
|
|
145 | (3) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (2) |
Part II: Dynastic Decline And Collapse, 1842-1911* |
|
151 | (124) |
|
8 Civil War and Foreign Intervention |
|
|
157 | (18) |
|
North-South Tensions and the Origins of the Taiping Rebellion |
|
|
157 | (3) |
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
The Taiping Capital in Nanjing |
|
|
162 | (3) |
|
|
165 | (3) |
|
Manchu-Western Cooperation to Destroy the Taipings |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
171 | (4) |
|
9 Quelling Domestic Rebellions |
|
|
175 | (18) |
|
The Rise of the Empress Dowager Cixi |
|
|
175 | (4) |
|
The Nian Rebellion (1851-68) |
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
The Panthay Rebellion (1855-73) |
|
|
181 | (4) |
|
The Donggan Rebellion (1862-73) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
The Muslim Rebellion in Xinjiang (1862-78) |
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (3) |
|
10 The Self-Strengthening Movement and Central Government Reforms |
|
|
193 | (16) |
|
Military Reform: Xiang and Huai Armies, Beiyang and Nanyang Navies |
|
|
193 | (3) |
|
Financial Reform: The Imperial Maritime Customs Service |
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
Foreign Policy Reform: The Zongli Yamen |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
Educational Reform: China's First Embassy and Western Learning |
|
|
200 | (4) |
|
Governmental Restoration: Confucian Rectification |
|
|
204 | (2) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
11 Attacks on Chinese Sovereignty |
|
|
209 | (16) |
|
The Burlingame Mission and the Alcock Convention |
|
|
209 | (2) |
|
The Tianjin Massacre (1870) and the Margary Affair (1875) |
|
|
211 | (4) |
|
Japan and Taiwan (1871-74) |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
Russia and Xinjiang (1871-81) |
|
|
217 | (3) |
|
France and Vietnam (1883-85) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (2) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (2) |
|
12 The First Sino-Japanese War |
|
|
225 | (18) |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
|
227 | (3) |
|
|
230 | (3) |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
The Scramble for Concessions |
|
|
234 | (3) |
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (4) |
|
13 The Attempt to Expel the Foreigners: The Boxer Uprising |
|
|
243 | (16) |
|
|
243 | (2) |
|
The Origins of the Boxer Movement |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
|
247 | (4) |
|
The Boxer Protocol and the Economic Impact of the Indemnities |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
The Aftermath: The Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) |
|
|
252 | (2) |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
255 | (4) |
|
|
259 | (16) |
|
The Reform Program of the Empress Dowager Cixi |
|
|
259 | (4) |
|
Han Revolutionaries: Sun Yat-sen's Anti-Manchu Movement |
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
The Rights Recovery Movement |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
The New Army and the Wuchang Rebellion |
|
|
267 | (2) |
|
The Collapse of the Qing Dynasty |
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (2) |
Part III: The Republican Period, 1912-49* |
|
275 | (136) |
|
15 The Founding of the Republic of China |
|
|
281 | (18) |
|
The Republic under Yuan Shikai |
|
|
281 | (5) |
|
Relations with Russia, Japan, and Britain |
|
|
286 | (3) |
|
The Founding of the Nationalist Party |
|
|
289 | (2) |
|
North China Warlord Intrigues |
|
|
291 | (3) |
|
The Republic of China Enters the First World War |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (3) |
|
16 Versailles and Its Aftermath |
|
|
299 | (14) |
|
Political Ferment and New Ideas |
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
The Paris Peace Conference Examines the Shandong Question |
|
|
303 | (2) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
The Beijing Government's Reaction to the Compromise |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
The Long-Term Impact of the Treaty of Versailles |
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
310 | (3) |
|
17 New Intellectual Currents |
|
|
313 | (20) |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
|
316 | (3) |
|
The Karakhan Manifesto and the Comintern |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party |
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
The Civil Wars in North China |
|
|
323 | (4) |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (4) |
|
18 The Nationalist-Communist United Front |
|
|
333 | (18) |
|
South China Diplomacy: The Origins of the First United Front |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party |
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
North China Diplomacy: Beijing and Manchurian Warlords |
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
The Rise of Chiang Kai-shek and the Northern Expedition |
|
|
339 | (3) |
|
The Beginning of the Nationalist-Communist Civil War |
|
|
342 | (4) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (4) |
|
|
351 | (20) |
|
Elimination of the Unequal Treaties with the Western Powers |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
The Russo-Japanese Rivalry over Manchuria |
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
The Military Side of Nation Building: Uprisings and Encirclement Campaigns |
|
|
355 | (6) |
|
The Civil Side of Nation Building: Nationalist and Communist Ideology |
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
The Xi'an Incident and the Second United Front |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
20 The Second Sino-Japanese War |
|
|
371 | (18) |
|
Great Power Rivalries over China |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
The Regional War and the Civil War |
|
|
374 | (4) |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
Soviet Efforts to Expand Their Sphere of Influence |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
Impact on the Chinese Population |
|
|
382 | (3) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
386 | (3) |
|
21 The Civil War: Nationalists versus Communists |
|
|
389 | (22) |
|
|
389 | (6) |
|
U.S. Diplomatic Intervention |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
The Nationalist Economic Implosion |
|
|
398 | (3) |
|
|
401 | (5) |
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (3) |
Part IV: China And Taiwan In The Postwar Era |
|
411 | (160) |
|
|
417 | (16) |
|
The Formation of the People's Republic of China |
|
|
417 | (4) |
|
Land Reform and Agrarian Policies |
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
The Nationalization of Industry and Commerce |
|
|
423 | (3) |
|
Diplomatic Isolation and the Sino-Soviet Alliance |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
429 | (4) |
|
|
433 | (14) |
|
The Outbreak of the Korean War |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
The Chinese Decision to Intervene |
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
The Soviet War Protraction Strategy |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
The Domestic Consequences of the War |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (4) |
|
24 Mao's Quest for World Leadership |
|
|
447 | (18) |
|
The Hundred Flowers Campaign |
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
|
449 | (3) |
|
The Great Famine (1958-62) |
|
|
452 | (3) |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
The Sino-Indian War of 1962 |
|
|
457 | (3) |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
25 The Cultural Revolution |
|
|
465 | (18) |
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
The Phases of the Cultural Revolution |
|
|
467 | (4) |
|
The PLA and the Restoration of Order |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
The 1969 Sino-Soviet Border Conflict |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
Sino-American Rapprochement |
|
|
475 | (3) |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (3) |
|
26 The Deng Xiaoping Restoration |
|
|
483 | (20) |
|
The Impending Succession, the Fall of Lin Biao, and the Death of Mao |
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
The Rise to Power of Deng Xiaoping |
|
|
486 | (3) |
|
The Taiwanese Economic Miracle |
|
|
489 | (4) |
|
Deng Xiaoping's Agricultural Reforms |
|
|
493 | (2) |
|
Deng Xiaoping's Industrial Reforms |
|
|
495 | (4) |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (3) |
|
27 From Tiananmen to Xi Jinping |
|
|
503 | (24) |
|
The Dissolution of the Soviet Union |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Tiananmen Demonstrations and Massacre |
|
|
505 | (5) |
|
Governance without a Preeminent Leader |
|
|
510 | (4) |
|
|
514 | (4) |
|
Xi Jinping Leader for Life |
|
|
518 | (3) |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
523 | (4) |
|
|
527 | (26) |
|
Population and Prosperity |
|
|
528 | (3) |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
Energy and Industrial Growth |
|
|
534 | (3) |
|
|
537 | (6) |
|
|
543 | (4) |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
549 | (4) |
|
Conclusion: China in Transition |
|
|
553 | (26) |
|
Top-Down Characteristics: Civil-Military-Ideological Underpinnings of Power |
|
|
555 | (4) |
|
Radial Characteristics: Relations with the Outside |
|
|
559 | (3) |
|
Bottom-Up Characteristics: Education, Globalization, and Han Nationalism |
|
|
562 | (3) |
|
Cyclical Elements: The End of the Dynastic Cycle? |
|
|
565 | (3) |
|
Retrospective Elements: Fatalism or Choice? |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
Appendix A: Geographical Names by Transliteration System |
|
571 | (4) |
Appendix B: Pinyin-Wade-Giles Conversion Table |
|
575 | (4) |
Teaching References |
|
579 | (6) |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Historical Dictionaries and Encyclopedias |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
580 | (3) |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
Photo Credits |
|
585 | (2) |
Name Index |
|
587 | (8) |
Subject Index |
|
595 | (25) |
About the Authors |
|
620 | |