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Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles 3rd edition [Hardback]

(Loughborough University, UK), (Texas A&M University, College Station, USA), (Cranfield University, UK), (Advanced Vehicle Research Center, Danville, Virginia, USA)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 572 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 1383 g, 58 Tables, black and white; 17 Line drawings, color; 429 Line drawings, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-Feb-2018
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498761771
  • ISBN-13: 9781498761772
  • Hardback
  • Cena: 191,26 €
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  • Pievienot vēlmju sarakstam
  • Formāts: Hardback, 572 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 1383 g, 58 Tables, black and white; 17 Line drawings, color; 429 Line drawings, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-Feb-2018
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498761771
  • ISBN-13: 9781498761772
"This book is an introduction to automotive technology, with specic reference to battery electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles. It could serve electrical engineers who need to know more about automobiles or automotive engineers who need to know about electrical propulsion systems. For example, this reviewer, who is a specialist in electric machinery, could use this book to better understand the automobiles for which the reviewer is designing electric drive motors. An automotive engineer, on the other hand, might use it to better understand the nature of motors and electric storage systems for application in automobiles, trucks or motorcycles.

The early chapters of the book are accessible to technically literate people who need to know something about cars. While the rst chapter is historical in nature, the second chapter is a good introduction to automobiles, including dynamics of propulsion and braking. The third chapter discusses, in some detail, spark ignition and compression ignition (Diesel) engines. The fourth chapter discusses the nature of transmission systems.

James Kirtley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

The third edition covers extensive topics in modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles, in which the profound knowledge, mathematical modeling, simulations, and control are clearly presented. Featured with design of various vehicle drivetrains, as well as a multi-objective optimization software, it is an estimable work to meet the needs of automotive industry.

Haiyan Henry Zhang, Purdue University, USA

The extensive combined experience of the authors have produced an extensive volume covering a broad range but detailed topics on the principles, design and architectures of Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles in a well-structured, clear and concise manner. The volume offers a complete overview of technologies, their selection, integration & control, as well as an interesting Technical Overview of the Toyota Prius. The technical chapters are complemented with example problems and user guides to assist the reader in practical calculations through the use of common scientic computing packages. It will be of interest mainly to research postgraduates working in this eld as well as established academic researchers, industrial R&D engineers and allied professionals.

Christopher Donaghy-Sparg, Durham University, United Kingdom

The book deals with the fundamentals, theoretical bases, and design methodologies of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The design methodology is described in mathematical terms, step-by-step, and the topics are approached from the overall drive train system, not just individual components. Furthermore, in explaining the design methodology of each drive train, design examples are presented with simulation results. All the chapters have been updated, and two new chapters on Mild Hybrids and Optimal Sizing and Dimensioning and Control are also included

Chapters updated throughout the text.

New homework problems, solutions, and examples.

Includes two new chapters.

Features accompanying MATLABTM software.

Recenzijas

"This book is an introduction to automotive technology, with specific reference to battery electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles. It could serve electrical engineers who need to know more about automobiles or automotive engineers who need to know about electrical propulsion systems. For example, this reviewer, who is a specialist in electric machinery, could use this book to better understand the automobiles for which the reviewer is designing electric drive motors. While the first chapter is historical in nature, the second chapter is a good introduction to automobiles, including dynamics of propulsion and braking. The third chapter discusses, in some detail, spark ignition and compression ignition (Diesel) engines. The fourth chapter discusses the nature of transmission systems." James Kirtley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

"The third edition covers extensive topics in modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles, in which the profound knowledge, mathematical modeling, simulations, and control are clearly presented. Featured with design of various vehicle drivetrains, as well as a multi-objective optimization software, it is an estimable work to meet the needs of automotive industry." Haiyan Henry Zhang, Purdue University, USA

"As we make the transition to clean, low-carbon vehicles, analytics will be increasingly important to understand the environmental and performance trade-offs. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles provides the needed analytic foundation for this vehicle revolution." Daniel Kammen, University of California, Berkeley, USA

"This book clearly explains the mechanical and electrical principles of the modern hybrid electric powertrains. It is an excellent textbook, not only for the beginners, but also for the experts." Jae wan Park, University of California, Davis, USA

"The extensive combined experience of the authors has produced an extensive text covering a broad range with detailed topics on the principles, design, and architectures of Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles in a well-structured, clear, and concise manner. The book offers a complete overview of technologies, their selection, integration & control. The technical chapters are complemented with example problems and user guides to assist the reader in practical calculations through the use of common scientific computing packages. It will be of interest mainly to research postgraduates working in this field, as well as established academic researchers, industrial R&D engineers, and allied professionals." Christopher Donaghy-Spargo, Durham University, United Kingdom

"The book is outstanding in providing a comprehensive coverage, in terms of both collection of relevant subject matters in the field, and wide span of content levels to meet needs ranging from university senior technical elective courses to practicing professionals." Jerry C. Ku, Wayne State University, USA

"This book addresses an important topic, guiding the reader through the fundamentals of longitudinal vehicle dynamics, conventional powertrains and technologies, all the way through to modern electric and electric hybrid propulsion systems. The vital components that make up the electric powertrain are described in detail, particularly traction motors, batteries, other storage technologies, and fuel cells. The subject of hybrid vehicles is a complex one, and the number of variations created by choice of components and control strategies is substantial. This book would be ideal for engineers interested to retrain to move into this subject from conventional internal combustion engines and mechanical transmissions, as well as masters and research students." Keith Robert Pullen, City University of London, United Kingdom

"This is the third edition of a well-known book. The esteemed authors have produced a very good book, which is suitable not only to researchers, but to young students wanting to study the topic of electric vehicles. It is further enhanced by the usage of MATLABTM and the numerous examples of how to properly design/optimise an EV under various configurations. Overall, I definitely recommend this book to be purchased by researchers, academics, industrialists, students, and even the general reader who wants to better understand the operation of EVs." Damian Giaouris, Newcastle University, United Kingdom

"The extensive experience of the authors put in a single book is an enormous resource for any newcomer in this field. Not only is the theoretical background well covered, but the book presents an insightful practical demonstration based on actual numbers from the industry. The companion software provided with the book will help readers understand the in-depth analysis presented in the book." Shafiq Odhano, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom

"This is a very welcome updated edition of a book that has become one of the leading classics on the subject. In addition to maintaining the breadth of coverage of the fundamentals, the new edition adds new chapters on fundamentals of vehicle transmission and extended coverage of regenerative braking. It also includes several new chapters that provide in depth treatment of design of series hybrid drive train for off-road vehicles, design of full-size engine HEV, and power train optimization. The book provides a very helpful user guide for a multi-objective optimization toolbox." Suleiman Sharkh, University of Southampton, United Kingdom

"This is one of the best available books in the area of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). I have used this book for teaching a graduate course on Advanced Propulsion for HEVs. The main advantage of this book centers on explaining HEV fundamentals and design tools in a simple language. The new chapters in the third edition will help readers to build up understanding and develop a framework for multi-objective optimization for design of HEVs." Mahdi Shahbakhti, Michigan Technological University, USA

"The third edition has been enhanced with three important chapters that address the issues related to modeling and design optimization of hybrid electric vehicles. These new subjects are applicable in many design problems of hybrid electric vehicles, which are multi-objective and multi-constrained problems intersecting several disciplines of engineering. A chapter on Vehicle Transmission was also added, which is important to understand and vehicle power train. Because of the projected proliferation of electrification in power trains across the industry, any automotive engineer should have a copy of this book in their personal library." Ciro A. Soto, Ford Motor Company & University of Michigan, USA

"Ehsani, Gao, Longo, and Ebrahimi offer a comprehensive and careful review of current electric and hybrid technology that would be useful to practicing engineers and students alike. The text not only provides a careful survey of hybrid vehicle fundamentals and design, but it also incorporates a thorough discussion of environmental impacts of internal combustion engines, an accessible review of ICE performance characteristics, and basic information on vehicle design and aerodynamics, making this text able to provide a coherent and complete presentation for an advanced undergraduate course. I have used this text for several years in a seniorlevel course, with good success. The approach is systematic and careful, but it does not get bogged down in dense calculations, allowing for an accessible progression for advanced students, while maintaining rigor and completeness that make the book useful to professionals." Patrick Hossay, Stockton University, New Jersey, USA

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
Authors xxiii
1 Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation 1(16)
1.1 Air Pollution
1(2)
1.1.1 Nitrogen Oxides
2(1)
1.1.2 Carbon Monoxide
2(1)
1.1.3 Unburned HCs
2(1)
1.1.4 Other Pollutants
2(1)
1.2 Global Warming
3(2)
1.3 Petroleum Resources
5(2)
1.4 Induced Costs
7(1)
1.5 Importance of Different Transportation Development Strategies to Future Oil Supply
8(3)
1.6 History of EVs
11(1)
1.7 History of HEVs
12(2)
1.8 History of Fuel Cell Vehicles
14(1)
Bibliography
15(2)
2 Fundamentals of Vehicle Propulsion and Braking 17(34)
2.1 General Description of Vehicle Movement
17(1)
2.2 Vehicle Resistance
17(6)
2.2.1 Rolling Resistance
18(3)
2.2.2 Aerodynamic Drag
21(1)
2.2.3 Grading Resistance
21(2)
2.3 Dynamic Equation
23(2)
2.4 Tire-Ground Adhesion and Maximum Tractive Effort
25(2)
2.5 Power Train Tractive Effort and Vehicle Speed
27(2)
2.6 Vehicle Performance
29(5)
2.6.1 Maximum Speed of a Vehicle
30(1)
2.6.2 Gradeability
31(1)
2.6.3 Acceleration Performance
31(3)
2.7 Operating Fuel Economy
34(4)
2.7.1 Fuel Economy Characteristics of IC Engines
34(1)
2.7.2 Computation of Vehicle Fuel Economy
35(2)
2.7.3 Basic Techniques to Improve Vehicle Fuel Economy
37(1)
2.8 Brake Performance
38(11)
2.8.1 Braking Force
39(2)
2.8.2 Braking Distribution on Front and Rear Axles
41(4)
2.8.3 Braking Regulation and Braking Performance Analysis
45(6)
2.8.3.1 Braking Regulation
45(2)
2.8.3.2 Braking Performance Analysis
47(2)
Bibliography
49(2)
3 Internal Combustion Engines 51(22)
3.1 Spark Ignition Engine
51(17)
3.1.1 Basic Structure and Operation Principle with Otto Cycle
51(2)
3.1.2 Operation Parameters
53(6)
3.1.2.1 Rating Values
53(1)
3.1.2.2 Indicated Torque and Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
53(3)
3.1.2.3 Brake Mean Effective Pressure (bmep) and Brake Torque
56(1)
3.1.2.4 Emission Measurement
57(1)
3.1.2.5 Engine Operation Characteristics
58(1)
3.1.3 Basic Techniques for Improving Engine Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions
59(3)
3.1.3.1 Forced Induction
59(2)
3.1.3.2 Gasoline Direct Injection and Lean-Burn Engines
61(1)
3.1.3.3 Multivalve and Variable Valve Timing
61(1)
3.1.3.4 Variable Compression Ratio
61(1)
3.1.3.5 Exhaust Gas Recirculation
62(1)
3.1.3.6 Intelligent Ignition
62(1)
3.1.3.7 New Engine Materials
62(1)
3.1.4 Brief Review of SI Engine Control System
62(2)
3.1.5 Operation Principle with Atkinson Cycle
64(5)
3.1.5.1 Original Engine with Atkinson Cycle
64(1)
3.1.5.2 Modem Engine with Atkinson Cycle
65(3)
3.2 Compression Ignition Engine
68(1)
3.3 Alternative Fuels and Alternative Fuel Engines
69(3)
3.3.1 Alternative Fuels
69(12)
3.3.1.1 Ethanol and Ethanol Engine
69(1)
3.3.1.2 Compressed Natural Gas and Natural Gas Engine
70(2)
3.3.1.3 Enhanced Hydrogen (H2 Combustion)
72(1)
Bibliography
72(1)
4 Vehicle Transmission 73(22)
4.1 Power Plant Characteristics
73(3)
4.2 Transmission Characteristics
76(2)
4.3 Manual Gear Transmission (MT)
78(3)
4.4 Automatic Transmission
81(10)
4.4.1 Conventional Automatic Transmission
82(7)
4.4.1.1 Torque Converter Operation
82(4)
4.4.1.2 Planetary or Epicyclic Gear Train
86(2)
4.4.1.3 Compound Epicyclic Gear
88(1)
4.4.2 Automated Manual and Dual-Clutch Transmission
89(2)
4.5 Continuously Variable Transmission
91(1)
4.6 Infinitely Variable Transmissions
91(1)
4.7 Dedicated Hybrid Transmission (DHT)
92(1)
Bibliography
93(2)
5 Electric Vehicles 95(18)
5.1 Configurations of Electric Vehicles
95(3)
5.2 Performance of Electric Vehicles
98(5)
5.2.1 Traction Motor Characteristics
98(1)
5.2.2 Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement
99(2)
5.2.3 Vehicle Performance
101(2)
5.3 Tractive Effort in Normal Driving
103(2)
5.4 Energy Consumption
105(5)
Bibliography
110(3)
6 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 113(26)
6.1 Concept of Hybrid Electric Drivetrains
113(3)
6.2 Architectures of Hybrid Electric Drivetrains
116(20)
6.2.1 Series Hybrid Electric Drivetrains (Electrical Coupling)
117(2)
6.2.2 Parallel Hybrid Electric Drivetrains (Mechanical Coupling)
119(22)
6.2.2.1 Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain with Torque Coupling
120(6)
6.2.2.2 Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain with Speed Coupling
126(6)
6.2.2.3 Hybrid Drivetrains with Both Torque and Speed Coupling
132(4)
Bibliography
136(3)
7 Electric Propulsion Systems 139(90)
7.1 DC Motor Drives
141(12)
7.1.1 Principle of Operation and Performance
141(4)
7.1.2 Combined Armature Voltage and Field Control
145(1)
7.1.3 Chopper Control of DC Motors
146(3)
7.1.4 Multiquadrant Control of Chopper-Fed DC Motor Drives
149(4)
7.1.4.1 Two-Quadrant Control of Forward Motoring and Regenerative Braking
150(3)
7.1.4.2 Four-Quadrant Operation
153(1)
7.2 Induction Motor Drives
153(31)
7.2.1 Basic Operation Principles of Induction Motors
154(3)
7.2.2 Steady-State Performance
157(2)
7.2.3 Constant Volt/Hertz Control
159(1)
7.2.4 Power Electronic Control
160(3)
7.2.5 Field Orientation Control
163(14)
7.2.5.1 Field Orientation Principles
163(7)
7.2.5.2 Control
170(2)
7.2.5.3 Direct Rotor Flux Orientation Scheme
172(3)
7.2.5.4 Indirect Rotor Flux Orientation Scheme
175(2)
7.2.6 Voltage Source Inverter for FOC
177(7)
7.2.6.1 Voltage Control in Voltage Source Inverter
179(2)
7.2.6.2 Current Control in Voltage Source Inverter
181(3)
7.3 Permanent Magnetic BLDC Motor Drives
184(14)
7.3.1 Basic Principles of BLDC Motor Drives
185(1)
7.3.2 BLDC Machine Construction and Classification
185(4)
7.3.3 Properties of PM Materials
189(1)
7.3.3.1 Alnico
189(1)
7.3.3.2 Ferrites
189(1)
7.3.3.3 Rare-Earth PMs
190(1)
7.3.4 Performance Analysis and Control of BLDC Machines
190(4)
7.3.4.1 Performance Analysis
190(3)
7.3.4.2 Control of BLDC Motor Drives
193(1)
7.3.5 Extend Speed Technology
194(1)
7.3.6 Sensorless Techniques
195(3)
7.3.6.1 Methods Using Measurables and Math
195(1)
7.3.6.2 Methods Using Observers
196(1)
7.3.6.3 Methods Using Back EMF Sensing
196(1)
7.3.6.4 Unique Sensorless Techniques
197(1)
7.4 SRM Drives
198(25)
7.4.1 Basic Magnetic Structure
198(3)
7.4.2 Torque Production
201(3)
7.4.3 SRM Drive Converter
204(2)
7.4.4 Modes of Operation
206(1)
7.4.5 Generating Mode of Operation (Regenerative Braking)
207(2)
7.4.6 Sensorless Control
209(6)
7.4.6.1 Phase Flux Linkage-Based Method
210(1)
7.4.6.2 Phase Inductance-Based Method
211(1)
7.4.6.3 Modulated Signal Injection Methods
212(2)
7.4.6.4 Mutually Induced Voltage-Based Method
214(1)
7.4.6.5 Observer-Based Methods
214(1)
7.4.7 Self-Tuning Techniques of SRM Drives
215(3)
7.4.7.1 Self-Tuning with Arithmetic Method
215(1)
7.4.7.2 Self-Tuning Using an ANN
216(2)
7.4.8 Vibration and Acoustic Noise in SRM
218(2)
7.4.9 SRM Design
220(11)
7.4.9.1 Number of Stator and Rotor Poles
220(1)
7.4.9.2 Stator Outer Diameter
221(1)
7.4.9.3 Rotor Outer Diameter
221(1)
7.4.9.4 Air Gap
222(1)
7.4.9.5 Stator Arc
222(1)
7.4.9.6 Stator Back Iron
222(1)
7.4.9.7 Performance Prediction
222(1)
Bibliography
223(6)
8 Design Principle of Series (Electrical Coupling) Hybrid Electric Drivetrain 229(26)
8.1 Operation Patterns
229(2)
8.2 Control Strategies
231(3)
8.2.1 Max. SOC-of-PPS Control Strategy
232(1)
8.2.2 Engine On-Off or Thermostat Control Strategy
233(1)
8.3 Design Principles of a Series (Electrical Coupling) Hybrid Drivetrain
234(12)
8.3.1 Electrical Coupling Device
234(4)
8.3.2 Power Rating Design of Traction Motor
238(3)
8.3.3 Power Rating Design of Engine/Generator
241(2)
8.3.4 Design of PPS
243(3)
8.3.4.1 Power Capacity of PPS
245(1)
8.3.4.2 Energy Capacity of PPS
245(1)
8.4 Design Example
246(6)
8.4.1 Design of Traction Motor Size
246(1)
8.4.2 Design of Gear Ratio
246(1)
8.4.3 Verification of Acceleration Performance
247(1)
8.4.4 Verification of Gradeability
247(1)
8.4.5 Design of Engine/Generator Size
247(2)
8.4.6 Design of Power Capacity of PPS
249(1)
8.4.7 Design of Energy Capacity of PPS
250(1)
8.4.8 Fuel Consumption
251(1)
Bibliography
252(3)
9 Parallel (Mechanically Coupled) Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Design 255(26)
9.1 Drivetrain Configuration and Design Objectives
255(1)
9.2 Control Strategies
256(11)
9.2.1 Max. SOC-of-PPS Control Strategy
257(3)
9.2.2 Engine On-Off (Thermostat) Control Strategy
260(1)
9.2.3 Constrained Engine On-Off Control Strategy
261(2)
9.2.4 Fuzzy Logic Control Technique
263(1)
9.2.5 Dynamic Programming Technique
264(3)
9.3 Parametric Design of a Drivetrain
267(10)
9.3.1 Engine Power Design
267(3)
9.3.2 Transmission Design
270(1)
9.3.3 Electric Motor Drive Power Design
271(4)
9.3.4 PPS Design
275(2)
9.4 Simulations
277(1)
Bibliography
278(3)
10 Design and Control Methodology of Series-Parallel (Torque and Speed Coupling) Hybrid Drivetrain 281(24)
10.1 Drivetrain Configuration
281(10)
10.1.1 Speed-Coupling Analysis
281(2)
10.1.2 Drivetrain Configuration
283(8)
10.2 Drivetrain Control Methodology
291(7)
10.2.1 Control System
291(1)
10.2.2 Engine Speed Control Approach
291(1)
10.2.3 Traction Torque Control Approach
292(1)
10.2.4 Drivetrain Control Strategies
293(13)
10.2.4.1 Engine Speed Control Strategy
294(2)
10.2.4.2 Traction Torque Control Strategy
296(2)
10.2.4.3 Regenerative Braking Control
298(1)
10.3 Drivetrain Parameter Design
298(1)
10.4 Simulation of an Example Vehicle
299(3)
Bibliography
302(3)
11 Design and Control Principles of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 305(18)
11.1 Statistics of Daily Driving Distance
305(1)
11.2 Energy Management Strategy
306(14)
11.2.1 AER-Focused Control Strategy
307(5)
11.2.2 Blended Control Strategy
312(8)
11.3 Energy Storage Design
320(2)
Bibliography
322(1)
12 Mild Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Design 323(20)
12.1 Energy Consumed in Braking and Transmission
323(2)
12.2 Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Drivetrain
325(5)
12.2.1 Configuration
325(1)
12.2.2 Operating Modes and Control Strategy
325(1)
12.2.3 Drivetrain Design
326(3)
12.2.4 Performance
329(1)
12.3 Series-Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Drivetrain
330(11)
12.3.1 Configuration of Drivetrain with Planetary Gear Unit
330(6)
12.3.2 Operating Modes and Control
336(3)
12.3.2.1 Speed-Coupling Operating Mode
336(1)
12.3.2.2 Torque-Coupling Operating Mode
337(1)
12.3.2.3 Engine-Alone Traction Mode
338(1)
12.3.2.4 Motor-Alone Traction Mode
338(1)
12.3.2.5 Regenerative Braking Mode
339(1)
12.3.2.6 Engine Starting
339(1)
12.3.3 Control Strategy
339(1)
12.3.4 Drivetrain with Floating-Stator Motor
340(1)
Bibliography
341(2)
13 Peaking Power Sources and Energy Storage 343(34)
13.1 Electrochemical Batteries
343(13)
13.1.1 Electrochemical Reactions
345(1)
13.1.2 Thermodynamic Voltage
346(1)
13.1.3 Specific Energy
347(2)
13.1.4 Specific Power
349(2)
13.1.5 Energy Efficiency
351(1)
13.1.6 Battery Technologies
351(1)
13.1.6.1 Lead-Acid Battery
352(1)
13.1.6.2 Nickel-Based Batteries
353(2)
13.1.6.3 Lithium-Based Batteries
355(1)
13.2 Ultracapacitors
356(7)
13.2.1 Features of Ultracapacitors
356(1)
13.2.2 Basic Principles of Ultracapacitors
357(1)
13.2.3 Performance of Ultracapacitors
358(3)
13.2.4 Ultracapacitor Technologies
361(2)
13.3 Ultra-High-Speed Flywheels
363(6)
13.3.1 Operation Principles of Flywheels
363(2)
13.3.2 Power Capacity of Flywheel Systems
365(2)
13.3.3 Flywheel Technologies
367(2)
13.4 Hybridization of Energy Storages
369(5)
13.4.1 Concept of Hybrid Energy Storage
369(1)
13.4.2 Passive and Active Hybrid Energy Storage with Battery and Ultracapacitor
370(1)
13.4.3 Battery and Ultracapacitor Size Design
371(3)
Bibliography
374(3)
14 Fundamentals of Regenerative Braking 377(20)
14.1 Braking Energy Consumed in Urban Driving
377(1)
14.2 Braking Energy versus Vehicle Speed
378(3)
14.3 Braking Energy versus Braking Power
381(1)
14.4 Braking Power versus Vehicle Speed
381(1)
14.5 Braking Energy versus Vehicle Deceleration Rate
382(1)
14.6 Braking Energy on Front and Rear Axles
383(1)
14.7 Brake System of EV, HEV, and FCV
384(10)
14.7.1 Parallel Hybrid Brake System
385(5)
14.7.1.1 Design and Control Principles with Fixed Ratios between Electric and Mechanical Braking Forces
386(1)
14.7.1.2 Design and Control Principles for Maximum Regenerative Braking
387(3)
14.7.2 Fully Controllable Hybrid Brake System
390(16)
14.7.2.1 Control Strategy for Optimal Braking Performance
391(1)
14.7.2.2 Control Strategy for Optimal Energy Recovery
392(2)
Bibliography
394(3)
15 Fuel Cells 397(24)
15.1 Operation Principles of Fuel Cells
397(3)
15.2 Electrode Potential and Current-Voltage Curve
400(3)
15.3 Fuel and Oxidant Consumption
403(1)
15.4 Fuel Cell System Characteristics
404(2)
15.5 Fuel Cell Technologies
406(6)
15.5.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
406(1)
15.5.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells
407(2)
15.5.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
409(1)
15.5.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
410(1)
15.5.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
410(1)
15.5.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
411(1)
15.6 Fuel Supply
412(6)
15.6.1 Hydrogen Storage
412(4)
15.6.1.1 Compressed Hydrogen
412(2)
15.6.1.2 Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen
414(1)
15.6.1.3 Metal Hydrides
414(2)
15.6.2 Hydrogen Production
416(2)
15.6.2.1 Steam Reforming
416(1)
15.6.2.2 PDX Reforming
417(1)
15.6.2.3 Autothermal Reforming
417(1)
15.6.3 Ammonia as Hydrogen Carrier
418(1)
15.7 Non-Hydrogen Fuel Cells
418(1)
Bibliography
419(2)
16 Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Design 421(10)
16.1 Configuration
421(2)
16.2 Control Strategy
423(1)
16.3 Parametric Design
424(4)
16.3.1 Motor Power Design
425(1)
16.3.2 Power Design of Fuel Cell System
425(1)
16.3.3 Design of Power and Energy Capacity of PPS
426(5)
16.3.3.1 Power Capacity of PPS
426(1)
16.3.3.2 Energy Capacity of PPS
426(2)
16.4 Design Example
428(2)
Bibliography
430(1)
17 Design of Series Hybrid Drivetrain for Off-Road Vehicles 431(26)
17.1 Motion Resistance
431(6)
17.1.1 Motion Resistance Caused by Terrain Compaction
432(2)
17.1.2 Motion Resistance Caused by Terrain Bulldozing
434(1)
17.1.3 Internal Resistance of Running Gear
435(1)
17.1.4 Tractive Effort of Terrain
436(1)
17.1.5 Drawbar Pull
437(1)
17.2 Tracked Series Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain Architecture
437(1)
17.3 Parametric Design of Drivetrain
438(9)
17.3.1 Traction Motor Power Design
439(10)
17.3.1.1 Vehicle Thrust versus Speed
439(1)
17.3.1.2 Motor Power and Acceleration Performance
440(1)
17.3.1.3 Motor Power and Gradeability
441(2)
17.3.1.4 Steering Maneuver of a Tracked Vehicle
443(4)
17.4 Engine/Generator Power Design
447(2)
17.5 Power and Energy Design of Energy Storage
449(5)
17.5.1 Peaking Power for Traction
449(1)
17.5.2 Peaking Power for Nontraction
450(2)
17.5.3 Energy Design of Batteries/Ultracapacitors
452(1)
17.5.4 Combination of Batteries and Ultracapacitors
452(2)
Bibliography
454(3)
18 Design of Full-Size-Engine HEV with Optimal Hybridization Ratio 457(16)
18.1 Design Philosophy of Full-Size-Engine HEV
457(2)
18.2 Optimal Hybridization Ratio
459(4)
18.2.1 Simulation under Highway Driving Conditions
459(4)
18.2.2 Optimal Hybridization of Electrical Drive Power
463(1)
18.3 10-25 kW Electrical Drive Packages
463(5)
18.3.1 Sensitivity to Engine Peak Power
464(1)
18.3.2 Sensitivity to Vehicle Mass
464(1)
18.3.3 10-25 kW Electrical Drive Power Window
464(4)
18.3.4 Electrical Drive Package for Passenger Cars
468(1)
18.4 Comparison with Commercially Available Passenger Cars
468(3)
18.4.1 Comparison with 2011 Toyota Corolla
469(1)
18.4.2 Comparison with 2011 Toyota Prius Hybrid
470(1)
Bibliography
471(2)
19 Powertrain Optimization 473(26)
19.1 Powertrain Modeling Techniques
473(2)
19.1.1 Forward-Facing Vehicle Model
473(1)
19.1.2 Backward-Facing Vehicle Model
474(1)
19.1.3 Comparison of Forward-Facing and Backward-Facing Models
475(1)
19.2 Defining Performance Criteria
475(3)
19.2.1 Tank-to-Wheel Emissions
476(1)
19.2.2 Well-to-wheel Emissions
477(1)
19.3 Powertrain Simulation Methods
478(2)
19.4 Modular Powertrain Structure
480(5)
19.4.1 Framework of Proposed Toolbox
480(1)
19.4.2 Modular Powertrain Structure
480(4)
19.4.3 Optimizer
484(1)
19.5 Optimization Problem
485(3)
19.5.1 Extending Optimizer to Support Multiple Powertrain Topologies
487(1)
19.5.2 Multiobjective Optimization
487(1)
19.6 Case Studies: Optimization of Powertrain Topology and Component Sizing
488(9)
19.6.1 Case Study 1: Tank-to-Wheel versus Well-to-Wheel CO2
489(5)
19.6.1.1 Lowest Well-to-Wheel CO2 Emissions
490(1)
19.6.1.2 Lowest Tank-to-Wheel CO2 Emission
491(1)
19.6.1.3 Multiobjective Optimization
492(2)
19.6.2 Case Study 2: Powertrain Cost versus Well-to-Wheel CO2
494(3)
Bibliography
497(2)
20 User Guide for Multiobjective Optimization Toolbox 499(8)
20.1 About the Software
499(1)
20.2 Software Structure
499(7)
20.2.1 Input Sheet
499(1)
20.2.2 Genetic Algorithm
500(1)
20.2.3 Fitness Evaluation Algorithm
500(1)
20.2.4 Simulation of Vehicle Configurations
500(1)
20.2.5 Component Models Available
500(1)
20.2.6 Running a Simulation
501(2)
20.2.6.1 Definition of Drive Cycle
501(1)
20.2.6.2 Selection of Cost Function
501(1)
20.2.6.3 Power Train Type Selection
502(1)
20.2.6.4 Advanced Settings
503(1)
20.2.7 Running the Simulation
503(2)
20.2.8 Results
505(1)
20.3 Capabilities and Limitations of Software
506(1)
Appendix: Technical Overview of Toyota Prius 507(18)
Index 525
Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Stefano Longo, Kambiz Ebrahimi