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E-grāmata: Modern Impact and Penetration Mechanics

(Southwest Research Institute, Texas)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Apr-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108754798
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Apr-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108754798

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This graduate text is indispensable for those wanting to see and understand the mechanics of extreme dynamic events. It describes in detail the mechanics and material models used in understanding impact and penetration events. Covers continuum mechanics, the Hugoniot jump conditions, plasticity theory, damage and failure theory, shock and wave propagation in both Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks, and the high pressure and high-rate response of materials. Nonlinearity in response of materials and systems is a common theme, showing itself in interesting and surprising ways. Materials are studied through damage to failure, since in armor and protection applications materials are utilized all the way through failure. Continuum and constitutive modelling topics required for modern large-scale numerical simulation techniques are clearly described. Extensive exercises ensure comprehension and explore new topics. This text is appropriate for a variety of graduate courses, including Continuum Mechanics, Advanced Solid Mechanics, and Plasticity and Inelasticity Theory.

Recenzijas

'A must-have reference for the professionals in the field. This book embodies the essential physics of penetration mechanics and provides a complete collection of very valuable examples and exercises both for students and professionals.' Sidney Chocron, Southwest Research Institute 'Written by a leading expert in the field, this book provides a very rigorous and comprehensive treatment of impact and penetration mechanics. It is authoritative and entertaining.' Xin-Lin Gao, Southern Methodist University 'A very thorough treatment of the subject matter. A great starting point for entry-level scientists and engineers, and great review for those who have already been in the field for some time!' William Schonberg, Missouri University of Science and Technology 'This is an excellent book on impact mechanics that provides a firm theoretical foundation to anybody working in this field, whether undergraduate or experienced practitioner. Working through this book will provide any reader with a very good understanding of the deformation of materials at high strain rates which is so vital to penetration mechanics. Even having been working in ballistics for 40 years, I found much new important information in this book by Walker. I highly recommend it.' Clive Woodley, Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College, London 'The book provides a comprehensive guide on the application of tensor-based elasticity, plasticity, and fracture theories to the analytic and computational analysis of impact and penetration. It will serve as an ideal textbook for a graduate course on impact mechanics as well as an essential resource for researchers in the field.' Justin W. Wilkerson, Texas A&M University 'This text is a tour de force in continuum mechanics, wave mechanics and shock physics, elastic-plastic material response, and penetration/armor mechanics. While the material emphasis is on metals, there is also a chapter on the response of yarns, fabrics and fiber-based composites. The text is highly mathematical, but with lots of examples and explanations. Each chapter has an extensive list of exercises.' Charles E. Anderson, Jr, CEA Consulting 'In fourteen chapters, spanning about seven hundred pages, Dr Walker has written an excellent treatise on impact and penetration mechanics. Every researcher and serious student of this subject should have this book in his/her collection. Although, the book is mainly concerned with metallic materials in impact and penetration situations, one entire chapter is devoted to yarns, fabrics and fiber composites. The author has endeavored to include a considerable amount of background topics needed for following the book. These are: continuum mechanics of solids and fluids, plasticity theories, formulations in general coordinates, and numerical methods. Dr Walker has been an active researcher in the subject area, with years of experience at the Southwest Research Institute in Texas.' Sudhakar Nair, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago 'This is a superb (well organized and very informative) monograph The bibliography is comprehensive, including extensive recent work on impact and penetration. Readers will need a solid background in continuum or solid mechanics Recommended.' J. Lambropoulos, CHOICE

Papildus informācija

Indispensable treatise on the mechanics of extreme dynamic events, including impact, shocks, penetration and high-rate material response.
Preface xiii
1 Introduction
1(10)
1.1 Launchers
3(5)
1.2 Launch Packages
8(1)
1.3 Diagnostics
8(1)
1.4 Nonlinearities and Confinement
9(1)
1.5 Sources
10(1)
Exercise
10(1)
2 Conservation Laws And The Hugoniot Jump Conditions
11(32)
2.1 Conservation Laws in the Eulerian Reference Frame
11(1)
2.2 Tractions and the Cauchy Stress Tensor
12(2)
2.3 Conservation of Mass
14(2)
2.4 Conservation of Momentum
16(1)
2.5 Conservation of Energy
17(2)
2.6 Conserved Quantities
19(1)
2.7 The Rankine--Hugoniot Jump Conditions
20(7)
2.8 Differential Jump Conditions
27(1)
2.9 Cylindrical and Spherical Shock Fronts
28(1)
2.10 Equations of State
29(4)
2.11 Initial and Boundary Conditions
33(1)
2.12 Comments on Waves and Classical Continuum Mechanics
34(4)
2.13 Sources
38(1)
Exercises
38(5)
3 Elastic-Plastic Solids
43(74)
3.1 Strain
43(2)
3.2 Small Strain Linear Elasticity
45(2)
3.3 Metal Plasticity
47(6)
3.4 Uniaxial Stress
53(3)
3.5 Uniaxial Strain
56(3)
3.6 Various Yield Surfaces
59(4)
3.7 Rigid Plasticity
63(1)
3.8 Energy Dissipation through Plastic Flow
64(3)
3.9 Energy Stored in Elastic Deformation
67(1)
3.10 Thermal Terms
68(1)
3.11 A Discussion of Strain
68(2)
3.12 Characterization of Real Materials
70(9)
3.13 Constitutive Models for Yield and Flow Stress
79(5)
3.14 Damage, Failure, and Stress State
84(11)
3.15 Effects of Scale
95(2)
3.16 Exact Solution for an Arbitrary Strain Increment
97(5)
3.17 Sources
102(1)
Exercises
102(15)
4 Mechanical Waves, Shocks, And Rarefactions
117(58)
4.1 Linear Elastic Waves; Pushing on a Half Space
117(2)
4.2 Compressive Shocks
119(14)
4.3 Rarefaction Fans and the Rarefaction Shock Approximation
133(10)
4.4 Impacting a Rigid Wall
143(2)
4.5 Reflection off a Free Surface
145(1)
4.6 Finite Impactor Striking a Rigid Wall
146(2)
4.7 Finite Impactor with Hysteresis Striking a Rigid Wall
148(1)
4.8 A Finite Projectile Impacting a Material Wall
149(7)
4.9 Wave Reflection and Transmission at an Internal Interface
156(2)
4.10 Square Pulse Reflection: Tensile Stress States and Tensile Spall
158(6)
4.11 Exact Solution for Viscoelastic Smooth Wave Fronts
164(3)
4.12 A Warning about the (υ, ·e;) Plane
167(1)
4.13 Sources
168(1)
Exercises
168(7)
5 Elastic-Plastic Deformation And Shocks
175(82)
5.1 Cylindrical Impactor Striking a Rigid Wall (Taylor Anvil)
175(8)
5.2 The Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar
183(7)
5.3 Pushing on an Elastic-Plastic Half Space: The Two-Wave Structure and Flyer Plate Impacts
190(4)
5.4 The Question of Path
194(2)
5.5 The Hugoniot Elastic Limit
196(1)
5.6 The Hugoniot and Rarefaction of Real Materials
197(7)
5.7 Flyer Plate Impact Test
204(1)
5.8 Elastic-Plastic Shock Rise Times
205(2)
5.9 Thermal Terms
207(2)
5.10 Mie-Griineisen Equation of State
209(4)
5.11 Temperature
213(5)
5.12 Reflection and Transmission
218(3)
5.13 Additional Comments on Sound Speed and Precursors
221(3)
5.14 Initial Porosity
224(8)
5.15 Phase Changes
232(4)
5.16 Detonation of Explosives
236(6)
5.17 Sources
242(1)
Exercises
242(15)
6 The Cavity Expansion
257(36)
6.1 The One-Dimensional Cavity Expansion
257(3)
6.2 The Boundary Condition at the Elastic-Plastic Interface
260(1)
6.3 The Compressible Cylindrical Cavity Expansion
261(8)
6.4 The Compressible Spherical Cavity Expansion Solution
269(9)
6.5 Comparing the One-Dimensional, Cylindrical, and Spherical Cavity Expansions
278(2)
6.6 Effect of Incompressibility and Velocity Bounds for the Cylindrical Cavity Expansion
280(3)
6.7 Extending the Cavity Expansion to Address Nonlinear Pressure Response
283(2)
6.8 Numerical Implementation
285(1)
6.9 Sources
285(1)
Exercises
286(7)
7 Penetration
293(40)
7.1 Steel Projectiles Penetrating Aluminum Targets
293(2)
7.2 Tungsten Projectiles Penetrating Steel Targets
295(2)
7.3 Projectile Erosion
297(3)
7.4 Phases of Penetration
300(1)
7.5 Centerline Momentum Balance and Hydrodynamic Approximation
300(2)
7.6 Numerical Simulations
302(1)
7.7 Numerical Simulations of L/D = 10 Tungsten Impacting Steel
303(10)
7.8 The Stress at the Projectile--Target Interface
313(2)
7.9 Crater Radii, Plastic and Elastic Strains, and the Energy Partition
315(4)
7.10 The L/D Effect
319(10)
7.11 Hypervelocity Impact
329(1)
7.12 Sources
330(1)
Exercises
330(3)
8 The Tate-Alekseevskii Model
333(38)
8.1 Bernoulli's Equation for Steady Flow
333(2)
8.2 The Tate Model
335(3)
8.3 Behavior of the Tate Model
338(2)
8.4 An Example
340(5)
8.5 Further Examples with the Tate Model
345(3)
8.6 Tate's Later Modifications
348(5)
8.7 The Link between Rt and the Cavity Expansion
353(4)
8.8 Target Resistance and the Rt Dilemma
357(6)
8.9 Sensitivity of the Tate Model to Various Parameters
363(1)
8.10 The Minimum Speed for Penetration
364(2)
8.11 Sources
366(1)
Exercises
366(5)
9 The Crater And Ejecta
371(20)
9.1 Axial Change in Momentum for the Target
371(1)
9.2 Axial Change in Momentum for the Projectile
371(1)
9.3 Radial Momentum and the Crater Radius
372(4)
9.4 Two Empirical Relations
376(2)
9.5 Where Does the Material Go?
378(6)
9.6 A Shear Band Motivated Damage Model
384(4)
9.7 Damage Saturation
388(1)
9.8 Sources
389(1)
Exercises
389(2)
10 The Walker-Anderson Model
391(52)
10.1 The Centerline Momentum Balance
391(2)
10.2 The Model
393(1)
10.3 A Velocity Profile in the Projectile
394(1)
10.4 A Velocity Profile in the Target
395(4)
10.5 The Deceleration of the Rear of the Projectile
399(2)
10.6 The Stress in the Target and the Penetration Resistance
401(4)
10.7 The Momentum Balance Equation
405(2)
10.8 The Extent of the Plastically Flowing Region in the Target
407(1)
10.9 The Extent of the Plastically Flowing Region in the Projectile
408(1)
10.10 Initial Impact Conditions
409(2)
10.11 Examples
411(5)
10.12 Comparison of Velocities and Projectile Residual Length
416(2)
10.13 Comparison to the Hohler-Stilp Data from
Chapter 8
418(1)
10.14 Comparison to Hypervelocity Penetration vs. Time Data
419(3)
10.15 Tungsten into Aluminum: Rigid and Secondary Penetration
422(4)
10.16 Plastic Strain in the Target
426(3)
10.17 Finding a using the Dynamic Plasticity Approach
429(5)
10.18 Sources
434(1)
Exercises
434(9)
11 Finite Targets
443(38)
11.1 A Velocity Field for Back Surface Bulging
445(9)
11.2 Model Bulge and Breakout and Experimental Comparisons
454(5)
11.3 Multiple Plates
459(2)
11.4 Ductility vs. Strength Influences on Vy and Vr
461(10)
11.5 Fragmentation and Behind Armor Debris
471(5)
11.6 Sources
476(1)
Exercises
476(5)
12 Nondeforming (Rigid) Impactors
481(26)
12.1 Thin Plate Perforation by Blunt Rigid Projectiles
481(3)
12.2 Flow Fields for Pointed Projectiles
484(6)
12.3 Examples with the Walker-Anderson Model
490(7)
12.4 Direct Use of the Cavity Expansion
497(5)
12.5 Projectile Eroding-Noneroding Transition Velocity
502(1)
12.6 Sources
502(1)
Exercises
503(4)
13 Yarns, Fabrics, And Fiber-Based Composites
507(46)
13.1 Deformation, Strain, and the First Piola-Kirchhoff Stress
508(7)
13.2 The Behavior of a Single Yarn under Impact
515(10)
13.3 Static Deflection of a Fabric Sheet Composed of 0/90 Yarns
525(9)
13.4 The Ballistic Limit of a Fabric
534(5)
13.5 Fiber-Based Composites
539(2)
13.6 Behavior of Other Fibers
541(2)
13.7 One, Two, Many
543(1)
13.8 General Anisotropy
544(4)
13.9 Sources
548(1)
Exercises
548(5)
14 Rotation, Stretch, And Finite Elasticity
553(46)
14.1 The Deformation Gradient
553(2)
14.2 Deformation: Rotation and Stretch in Two Dimensions
555(5)
14.3 Deformation: Stretch and Rotation in Three Dimensions
560(4)
14.4 Stress and Strain in Original and Current Configurations
564(3)
14.5 Rate of Deformation and Rotation Rate
567(2)
14.6 Finite Strain Elasticity
569(3)
14.7 Blatz-Ko and Mooney-Rivlin Constitutive Models
572(7)
14.8 Incremental Constitutive Models and Corotational Stress Rates
579(7)
14.9 Sources
586(1)
Exercises
586(13)
Appendix A Conservation Laws and Curvilinear Coordinates
599(54)
A.1 Indicial Notation
599(1)
A.2 The Three Conservation Laws
600(5)
A.3 Curvilinear Geometry and Differential Operators
605(14)
A.4 Cartesian Coordinates
619(3)
A.5 Cylindrical Coordinates
622(3)
A.6 Spherical Coordinates
625(4)
A.7 General Coordinates
629(18)
A.8 Sources
647(1)
Exercises
647(4)
Appendix B Units, Conversions, And Constants
651(2)
B.1 Consistent Units
651(1)
B.2 Useful Conversions
652(1)
B.3 Constants of Interest
652(1)
Appendix C Elastic, Shock, and Strength Properties of Materials 653(10)
Appendix D Figure Acknowledgments 663(1)
Exercises 664(1)
Bibliography 665(10)
Index 675
James D. Walker is the Director and an acting Institute Scientist in the Engineering Dynamics Department in the Mechanical Engineering Division at the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas, and has worked in impact mechanics for over 30 years. He received the ASME Holley Medal for exceptional engineering in the public good for his work in the space shuttle Columbia accident investigation. He is a Fellow of AIAA, ASME, and the International Ballistics Society.