| Preface |
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vii | |
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Introduction: Scope of Biotechnology and Industrial Microbiology |
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3 | (14) |
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Nature of Biotechnology and Industrial Microbiology |
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3 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Industrial Microbiology |
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4 | (1) |
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Industrial vs medical microbiology |
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4 | (1) |
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Multi-disciplinary or Team-work nature of industrial microbiology |
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4 | (1) |
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Obsolescence in industrial microbiology |
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5 | (1) |
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Free communication of procedures in industrial microbiology |
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5 | (1) |
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Patents and Intellectual Property Rights in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology |
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5 | (4) |
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The Use of the Word `Fermentation' in Industrial Microbiology |
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9 | (1) |
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Organizational Set-up in an Industrial Microbiology Establishment |
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10 | (7) |
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13 | (4) |
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Section B Biological Basis of Productivity In Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology |
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Some Microorganisms Commonly Used in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology |
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17 | (17) |
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Basic Nature of Cells of Living Things |
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17 | (1) |
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Classification of Living Things: Three Domains of Living Things |
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18 | (1) |
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Taxonomic Grouping of Micro-organisms Important in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology |
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19 | (12) |
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21 | (8) |
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29 | (2) |
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Characteristics Important in Microbes Used in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnolgy |
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31 | (3) |
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33 | (1) |
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Aspects of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics of Relevance in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology |
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34 | (20) |
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34 | (5) |
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The Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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39 | (3) |
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Some applications of PCR in industrial microbiology and biotechnology |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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Applications of microarray technology |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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Sequencing of short DNA fragments |
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44 | (2) |
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Sequencing of genomes or large DNA fragments |
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46 | (1) |
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The Open Reading Frame and the Identification of Genes |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (4) |
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Some contributions of bioinformatics to biotechnology |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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Industrial Media and the Nutrition of Industrial Organisms |
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54 | (23) |
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The Basic Nutrient Requirements of Industrial Media |
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54 | (2) |
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Criteria for the Choice of Raw Materials Used in Industrial Media |
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56 | (2) |
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Some Raw Materials Used in Compounding Industrial Media |
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58 | (4) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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Some Potential Sources of Components of Industrial Media |
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63 | (3) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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The Use of Plant Waste Materials in Industrial Microbiology Media: Saccharification of Polysaccharides |
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66 | (11) |
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67 | (6) |
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Cellulose, hemi-celluloses and lignin in plant materials |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (1) |
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Metabolic Pathways for the Biosynthesis of Industrial Microbiology Products |
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77 | (22) |
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The Nature of Metabolic Pathways |
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77 | (1) |
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Industrial Microbiological Products as Primary and Secondary Metabolites |
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78 | (3) |
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Products of primary metabolism |
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78 | (1) |
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Products of secondary metabolism |
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79 | (2) |
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Trophophase-idiophase Relationships in the Production of Secondary Products |
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81 | (1) |
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Role of Secondary Metabolites in the Physiology of Organisms Producing Them |
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82 | (1) |
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Pathways for the Synthesis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Industrial Importance |
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83 | (6) |
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Catabolism of carbohydrates |
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84 | (4) |
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The Catabolism of hydrocarbons |
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88 | (1) |
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Carbon Pathways for the Formation of Some Industrial Products Derived from Primary Metabolism |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Carbon Pathways for the Formation of Some Products of Microbial Secondary Metabolism of Industrial Importance |
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89 | (10) |
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98 | (1) |
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Overproduction of Metabolites of Industrial Microorganisms |
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99 | (23) |
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Mechanisms Enabling Microorganisms to Avoid Overproduction of Primary Metabolic Products Through Enzyme Regulation |
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100 | (9) |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (2) |
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Amino acid regulation of RNA synthesis |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Derangement or Bypassing of Regulatory Mechanisms for the Over-production of Primary Metabolites |
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109 | (6) |
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109 | (5) |
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114 | (1) |
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Regulation of Overproduction in Secondary Metabolites |
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115 | (5) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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ATP or energy charge regulation of secondary metabolites |
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117 | (3) |
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Empirical Methods Employed to Disorganize Regulatory Mechanisms in Secondary Metabolite Production |
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120 | (2) |
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120 | (2) |
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Screening for Productive Strains and Strain Improvement in Biotechnological Organisms |
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122 | (49) |
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Sources of Microorganisms Used in Biotechnology |
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122 | (3) |
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Literature search and culture collection supply |
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122 | (1) |
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Isolation de novo of organisms producing metabolites of economic importance |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (46) |
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Selection from naturally occurring variants |
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126 | (1) |
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Manipulation of the genome of industrial organisms in strain improvement |
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126 | (44) |
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170 | (1) |
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The Preservation of the Gene Pool in Industrial Organisms: Culture Collections |
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171 | (12) |
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The Place of Culture Collections in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology |
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171 | (1) |
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Types of Culture Collections |
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172 | (1) |
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Handling Culture Collections |
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173 | (1) |
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Methods of Preserving Microorganisms |
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173 | (10) |
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Microbial preservation methods based on the reduction of the temperature of growth |
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174 | (2) |
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Microbial preservation methods based on dehydration |
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176 | (2) |
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Microbial preservation methods based on the reduction of nutrients |
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178 | (1) |
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The need for experimentation to determine the most appropriate method of preserving an organism |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (5) |
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Section C Basic Operations In Industrial Fermentations |
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Fermentors and Fermentor Operation |
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183 | (25) |
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Definition of a Fermentor |
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183 | (1) |
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The Aerated Stirred Tank Batch Fermentor |
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184 | (11) |
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Construction materials for fermentors |
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185 | (1) |
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Aeration and agitation in a fermentor |
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185 | (1) |
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Temperature control in a fermentor |
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186 | (2) |
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Foam production and control |
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188 | (4) |
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Process control in a fermentor |
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192 | (3) |
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Anerobic Batch Fermentors |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (6) |
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196 | (6) |
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202 | (1) |
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Design of New Fermentors on the Basis of Physiology of the Organisms: Air Lift Fermentors |
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202 | (3) |
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Microbial Experimentation in the Fermentation Industry: The Place of the Pilot Plant |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Surface or Solid State Fermentors |
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206 | (2) |
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206 | (2) |
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Extraction of Fermentation Products |
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208 | (13) |
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Solids (Insolubles) Removal |
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209 | (3) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Coagulation and flocculation |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Primary Product Isolation |
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212 | (5) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (1) |
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Sterility in Industrial Microbiology |
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221 | (16) |
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The Basis of Loss by Contaminants |
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221 | (1) |
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Methods of Achieving Sterility |
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222 | (7) |
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222 | (5) |
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227 | (2) |
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Aspects of Sterilization in Industry |
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229 | (1) |
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The sterilization of the fermentor and its accessories |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Viruses (Phages) in Industrial Microbiology |
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230 | (7) |
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Morphological grouping of bacteriophages |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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Prevention of phage contamination |
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232 | (2) |
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Use of phage resistant mutants |
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234 | (1) |
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Inhibition of phage multiplication with chemicals |
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234 | (1) |
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Use of adequate media conditions and other practices |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (3) |
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Section D Alcohol-Based Fermentation Industries |
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237 | (25) |
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237 | (21) |
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237 | (1) |
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Raw materials for brewing |
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238 | (4) |
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242 | (11) |
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253 | (2) |
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Some developments in beer brewing |
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255 | (3) |
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258 | (4) |
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Kaffir beer and other traditional sorghum beers |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (2) |
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Production of Wines and Spirits |
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262 | (18) |
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262 | (8) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (5) |
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270 | (4) |
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The Distilled Alcoholic (or Spirit) Beverages |
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274 | (6) |
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Measurement of the alcoholic strength of distilled beverages |
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274 | (1) |
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General principles in the production of spirit beverages |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (13) |
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280 | (1) |
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Measurement of Acetic Acid in Vinegar |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (5) |
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The Orleans (or slow) method |
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283 | (1) |
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The trickling generators (quick) method |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (5) |
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289 | (4) |
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Section E Use of Whole Cells for Food Related Purposes |
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Single Cell Protein (SCP) |
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293 | (13) |
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Substrates for Single Cell Protein Production |
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294 | (6) |
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294 | (3) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (2) |
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Microorganisms Used in SCP Production |
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300 | (1) |
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Use of Autotrophic Microorganisms in SCP Production |
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300 | (3) |
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Safety of Single Cell Protein |
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303 | (2) |
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Nucleic acids and their removal from SCP |
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304 | (1) |
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Nutritional Value of Single Cell Protein |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (9) |
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Production of Baker's Yeast |
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306 | (5) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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Production of Microbial Insecticides |
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315 | (12) |
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Alternatives to Chemical Insecticides |
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315 | (1) |
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Biological Control of Insects |
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316 | (6) |
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Desirable properties in organisms to be used for biological control |
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317 | (1) |
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Candidates which have been considered as biological control agents |
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318 | (3) |
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Bacillus thuringiensis Insecticidal toxin |
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321 | (1) |
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Production of Biological Insecticides |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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Bioassay of Biological Insecticides |
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323 | (1) |
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Formulation and Use of Bioinsecticides |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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Safety Testing of Bioinsecticides |
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325 | (1) |
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Search and Development of New Bioinsecticides |
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325 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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The Manufacture of Rhizobium Inoculants |
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327 | (7) |
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328 | (2) |
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328 | (1) |
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Cross-inoculation groups of rhizobium |
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328 | (1) |
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Properties desirable in strains to be selected for use as rhizobium inoculants |
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328 | (1) |
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Selection of strains for use as rhizobial inoculants |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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Inoculant Packaging for Use |
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331 | (2) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Production of Fermented Foods |
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334 | (31) |
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334 | (1) |
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Fermented Food from Wheat: Bread |
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335 | (8) |
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Ingredients for modern bread-making |
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335 | (4) |
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339 | (1) |
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Role of yeasts in bread-making |
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340 | (3) |
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Fermented Foods Made from Milk |
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343 | (5) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (3) |
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Yoghurt and fermented milk foods |
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347 | (1) |
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Fermented Foods from Corn |
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348 | (2) |
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349 | (1) |
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Fermented Foods from Cassava: Garri, Foo-Foo, Chikwuange, Kokonte, Bikedi, and Cinguada |
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350 | (3) |
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351 | (1) |
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Foo-foo, chikwuangue, lafun, kokonte, bikedi, and cinguada |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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Fermentations for the Production of the Stimulant Beverages: Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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Fermented Foods Derived from Legumes and Oil Seeds |
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355 | (10) |
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Fermented foods from Soybeans |
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355 | (4) |
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Fermented foods from beans: Idli |
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359 | (1) |
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Fermented foods from Protein-rich Oil-seeds |
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360 | (1) |
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Food condiments made from fish |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (5) |
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Section F Production of Metabolites as Bulk Chemicals or as Inputs in Other Processes |
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Production of Organic Acids and Industrial Alcohol |
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365 | (15) |
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365 | (8) |
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Production of citric acid |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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Biochemical basis of the production of citric acid |
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366 | (2) |
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Fermentation for citric acid production |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (4) |
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Industrial Alcohol Production |
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373 | (7) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (3) |
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Some developments in alcohol production |
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377 | (2) |
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379 | (1) |
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Production of Amino Acids by Fermentation |
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380 | (18) |
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380 | (4) |
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Methods for the Manufacture of Amino Acids |
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384 | (4) |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (2) |
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Production of amino acids by the direct fermentation |
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388 | (1) |
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Production of Glutamic Acid by Wild Type Bacteria |
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388 | (1) |
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Production of Amino Acids by Mutants |
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389 | (2) |
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Production of amino acids by auxotrophic mutants |
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390 | (1) |
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Production of amino acids by regulatory mutants |
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390 | (1) |
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Improvements in the Production of Amino Acids Using Metabolically Engineered Organisms |
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391 | (3) |
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Strategies to modify the terminal pathways |
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392 | (1) |
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Strategies for increasing precursor availability |
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393 | (1) |
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Metabolic engineering to improve transport of amino acids outside the cell |
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394 | (1) |
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Fermentor Production of Amino Acid |
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394 | (4) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (2) |
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Biocatalysts: Immobilized Enzymes and Immobilized Cells |
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398 | (23) |
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Rationale for Use of Enzymes from Microorganisms |
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398 | (1) |
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Classification of Enzymes |
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399 | (1) |
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Uses of Enzymes in Industry |
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400 | (6) |
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406 | (2) |
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Fermentation for enzyme production |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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Toxicity testing and standardization |
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408 | (1) |
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Immobilized Biocatalysts: Enzymes and Cells |
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408 | (6) |
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Advantages of immobilized biocatalysts in general |
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409 | (1) |
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Methods of immobilizing enzymes |
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409 | (3) |
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Methods for the immobilization of cells |
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412 | (2) |
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Bioreactors Designs for Usage in Biocatalysis |
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414 | (2) |
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Practical Application of Immobilized Biological Catalyst Systems |
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416 | (1) |
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Manipulation of Microorganisms for Higher Yield of Enzymes |
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416 | (5) |
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Some aspects of the biology of extracellular enzyme production |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (2) |
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Mining Microbiology: Ore Leaching (Bioleaching) by Microorganisms |
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421 | (8) |
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421 | (1) |
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Commercial Leaching Methods |
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422 | (1) |
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Irrigation-type processes |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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Microbiology of the Leaching Process |
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423 | (1) |
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Leaching of Some Metal Sulfides |
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424 | (1) |
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Environmental Conditions Affecting Bacterial Leaching |
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425 | (4) |
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426 | (3) |
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Section G Production of Commodities of Medical Importance |
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Production of Antibiotics and Anti-Tumor Agents |
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429 | (26) |
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Classification and Nomenclature of Antibiotics |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (9) |
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432 | (3) |
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435 | (3) |
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Other beta-lactam antibiotics |
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438 | (1) |
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The Search for New Antibiotics |
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439 | (5) |
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The need for new antibiotics |
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439 | (1) |
|
The classical method for searching for antibiotics: random search in the soil |
|
|
440 | (4) |
|
Combating Resistance and Expanding the Effectiveness of Existing Antibiotics |
|
|
444 | (4) |
|
Refinements in the procedures for the random search for new antibiotics in the soil |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Newer approaches to searching for antibiotics |
|
|
445 | (3) |
|
|
|
448 | (5) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Mode of action of anti-tumor antibiotics |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Search for new anti-tumor antibiotics |
|
|
449 | (4) |
|
Newer Methods for Searching for Antibiotic and Anti-tumor Drugs |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
Production of Ergot Alkaloids |
|
|
455 | (9) |
|
Nature of Ergot Alkaloids |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
Uses of Ergot Alkaloids and their Derivates |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
Production of Ergot Alkaloids |
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
Physiology of Alkaloid Production |
|
|
461 | (3) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Microbial Transformation and Steroids and Sterols |
|
|
464 | (8) |
|
Nature and Use of Steroids and Sterols |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
Uses of Steroids and Sterols |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (4) |
|
Types of microbial transformations in steroids and sterols |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Fermentation conditions used in steroid transformation |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Screening for Microorganisms |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
472 | (16) |
|
Nature and Importance of Vaccines |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Body Defenses against Communicable Diseases |
|
|
472 | (7) |
|
Innate or non-specific immunity |
|
|
475 | (4) |
|
Traditional and Modern Methods of Vaccine Production |
|
|
479 | (3) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Newer approaches in vaccinology |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
|
482 | (4) |
|
Production of virus vaccines |
|
|
482 | (3) |
|
Production of bacterial toxoids |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Production of killed bacterial vaccines |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Vaccine Production versus Other Aspects of Industrial Microbiology |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Drug Discovery in Microbial Metabolites: The Search for Microbial Products with Bioactive Properties |
|
|
488 | (17) |
|
Conventional Processes of Drug Discovery |
|
|
489 | (3) |
|
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Newer Methods of Drug Discovery |
|
|
492 | (5) |
|
Computer aided drug design |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Genomic methods in the search for new drugs, including antibiotics |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
Search for drugs among unculturable microorganisms |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Approval of New Antibiotic and other Drugs by the Regulating Agency |
|
|
497 | (8) |
|
Pre-submission work by the pharmaceutical firm |
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
Submission of the new drug to the FDA |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
Treatment of Wastes in Industry |
|
|
505 | (15) |
|
Methods for the Determination of Organic Matter Content in Waste Waters |
|
|
505 | (3) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
The biological or biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) tests |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Permanganate value (PV) test |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Total organic carbon (TOC) |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Total suspended solids (TSS) |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Volatile suspended solids (VSS) |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Wastes from Major Industries |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Systems for the Treatment of Wastes |
|
|
509 | (7) |
|
Aerobic breakdown of raw waste waters |
|
|
509 | (7) |
|
Treatment of the Sludge: Anaerobic Breakdown of Sludge |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
Waste Water Disposal in the Pharmaceutical Industry |
|
|
517 | (3) |
|
|
|
519 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
520 | (3) |
| Index |
|
523 | |
