Introduction |
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xiii | |
How to use this book |
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xv | |
Glossary |
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xvi | |
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2 | (19) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (7) |
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9 | (5) |
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14 | (5) |
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1.5 Agreement of noun, article and adjective |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (36) |
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2.1 General features of verbs |
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21 | (9) |
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2.2 Individual verb moods and tenses |
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30 | (27) |
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57 | (21) |
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57 | (1) |
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3.2 Personal pronouns: introduction |
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57 | (1) |
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3.3 Stressed personal pronouns |
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57 | (2) |
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3.4 Unstressed personal pronouns |
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59 | (6) |
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65 | (1) |
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3.6 Interrogative pronouns and adjectives |
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66 | (2) |
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3.7 Possessive pronouns and adjectives |
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68 | (3) |
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3.8 Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives |
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71 | (2) |
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3.9 Indefinite pronouns and adjectives |
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73 | (4) |
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3.10 Pronouns and adjectives of quantity |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (10) |
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4.1 What is a preposition? |
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78 | (1) |
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4.2 Combined prepositions and articles |
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78 | (1) |
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4.3 Common prepositions used with nouns |
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79 | (4) |
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4.4 Common prepositions used with verbs |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (3) |
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88 | (6) |
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5.1 What is a conjunction? |
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88 | (1) |
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5.2 Coordinating conjunctions |
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88 | (2) |
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5.3 Subordinating conjunctions |
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90 | (4) |
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94 | (7) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (3) |
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6.4 Comparative and superlative adverbs |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (9) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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7.6 Collective and approximate numbers |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (3) |
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I Giving and seeking factual information |
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110 | (1) |
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8 Identification: giving personal information |
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111 | (8) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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8.3 Giving different kinds of personal information |
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111 | (5) |
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8.4 Emphasising the person referred to |
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116 | (1) |
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8.5 Eliciting personal information |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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9 Specifying people or objects |
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119 | (3) |
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119 | (1) |
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9.2 Specifying a known or particular person or object |
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119 | (1) |
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9.3 Specifying a category or type |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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10 Describing people or things |
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122 | (11) |
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122 | (1) |
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10.2 Physical characteristics |
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122 | (4) |
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10.3 Non-physical characteristics |
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126 | (3) |
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10.4 Position of adjectives |
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129 | (1) |
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10.5 Intensifying the meaning of the adjective |
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129 | (2) |
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10.6 Diminishing the intensity of the adjective |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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11 Talking about existence, occurrence and availability |
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133 | (11) |
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133 | (1) |
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11.2 Talking about existence and/or presence |
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134 | (1) |
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11.3 Talking about occurrence |
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135 | (1) |
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11.4 Talking about presence, attendance and participation at an event |
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136 | (1) |
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11.5 Talking about availability |
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137 | (1) |
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11.6 Expressing `some, any' |
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138 | (2) |
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11.7 Specifying the quantity available |
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140 | (1) |
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11.8 Expressing `something/anything', `someone/anyone' |
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140 | (1) |
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11.9 Specifying location, time or frequency |
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140 | (1) |
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11.10 Expressing non-existence or non-availability |
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141 | (3) |
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12 Talking about the present |
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144 | (4) |
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144 | (1) |
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12.2 Describing present situations, actions and events |
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144 | (2) |
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12.3 Expressing ongoing actions |
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146 | (1) |
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12.4 Words and phrases indicating present time |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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13 Speaking and writing about the past |
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148 | (10) |
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148 | (1) |
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13.2 Passato prossimo and passato remoto |
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148 | (1) |
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13.3 Using the passato prossimo |
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149 | (1) |
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13.4 Using the passato remoto |
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150 | (1) |
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13.5 Using the imperfetto |
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151 | (2) |
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13.6 Combinations of perfect and imperfect tenses |
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153 | (3) |
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13.7 Present tense expressing past |
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156 | (1) |
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13.8 Indicators of past time |
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157 | (1) |
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14 Talking about the future |
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158 | (5) |
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158 | (1) |
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14.2 Using the future tense |
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158 | (1) |
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14.3 Using the present tense |
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158 | (1) |
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14.4 Indicators of future time |
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159 | (1) |
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14.5 Expressing the immediate or very near future |
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160 | (1) |
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14.6 Expressing the English `going to' |
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161 | (1) |
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14.7 The `past in the future' |
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161 | (1) |
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14.8 The future seen from the past |
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161 | (1) |
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14.9 Expressing intention and future plans |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (5) |
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163 | (1) |
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15.2 Asking a question using interrogative intonation |
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163 | (1) |
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15.3 Asking a question using interrogative words |
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163 | (4) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (5) |
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168 | (1) |
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16.2 Reinforcing a negative statement |
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168 | (2) |
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16.3 Expressing negation using niente, nulla |
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170 | (1) |
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16.4 Expressing negation using the pronoun nessuno/a |
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170 | (1) |
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16.5 Expressing negation using the adjective nessun/o/a |
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170 | (1) |
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16.6 Other negative elements non...mai, non...ancora, non...piu |
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171 | (1) |
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16.7 Expressing negation using ne...ne |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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16.9 Specifying negation with a che clause |
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172 | (1) |
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17 Comparisons and degrees of intensity |
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173 | (6) |
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173 | (1) |
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17.2 Using comparative adjectives and adverbs |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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17.5 Expressing different degrees of intensity |
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176 | (3) |
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18 Referring to objects and people |
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179 | (5) |
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179 | (1) |
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18.2 Using a pronoun to refer back |
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179 | (1) |
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18.3 Using a pronoun: referring to the subject of the action |
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179 | (1) |
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18.4 Using a pronoun: referring to the object of the action |
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179 | (3) |
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18.5 Referring to someone or something using questo, quello |
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182 | (1) |
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18.6 Using indefinite pronouns to refer to someone/something |
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183 | (1) |
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18.7 Referring to something or someone mentioned |
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183 | (1) |
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18.8 Referring to what has been said or will be said |
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183 | (1) |
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19 Focusing on the action |
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184 | (7) |
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184 | (1) |
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19.2 Focusing on the action using the passive |
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184 | (2) |
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19.3 Situations when the passive is not used |
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186 | (2) |
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19.4 Focusing on the action using si passivante (passive form with si) |
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188 | (1) |
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19.5 Si impersonale (impersonal si) |
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189 | (1) |
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19.6 Focusing on the object of the action |
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189 | (2) |
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II Actions affecting ourselves and others |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (7) |
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191 | (1) |
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20.2 Introducing oneself and others |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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20.5 Expressing and receiving thanks, appreciation |
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194 | (1) |
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20.6 Compliments and congratulations |
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194 | (1) |
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20.7 Making and accepting excuses, apologies |
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195 | (1) |
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20.8 Expressing commiseration, sympathy |
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195 | (1) |
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20.9 Using titles, salutations |
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196 | (2) |
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21 Getting other people to do things |
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198 | (8) |
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198 | (1) |
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21.2 Giving orders and commands |
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198 | (2) |
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21.3 Making negative requests and commands |
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200 | (1) |
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21.4 Written instructions and recipes |
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200 | (2) |
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21.5 Asking someone to do something |
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202 | (1) |
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21.6 Giving an order using `command' verbs |
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203 | (1) |
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21.7 Far fare, lasciar fare |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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22 Permission and possibility |
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206 | (4) |
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22.1 Asking or granting permission |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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22.3 Speaking about the ability or opportunity to do something |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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23 Expressing need, obligation or desire |
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210 | (4) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (3) |
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24 Suggesting, proposing, advising and recommending |
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214 | (7) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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24.4 More expressions of advising or suggesting |
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217 | (1) |
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24.5 Advising someone not to do something, giving a warning |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (2) |
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III Expressing emotions, feelings, attitudes and opinions |
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220 | (1) |
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25 Expressing emotions: positive, negative, other |
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221 | (10) |
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221 | (1) |
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25.2 Interjections (positive, negative, other) |
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221 | (1) |
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25.3 Expressing positive emotions |
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222 | (3) |
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25.4 Expressing negative emotions |
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225 | (3) |
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25.5 Expressing other emotions |
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228 | (3) |
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26 Expressing emotions: hope, fear, doubt |
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231 | (5) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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26.3 Expressing fear, pessimism or regret |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (2) |
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27 Expressing an opinion or belief, agreement or disagreement |
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236 | (4) |
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27.1 Expressing or seeking an opinion or belief |
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236 | (2) |
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27.2 Expressing agreement, disagreement |
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238 | (2) |
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28 Indicating preference, likes and dislikes |
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240 | (5) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (2) |
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28.4 Expressing a preference |
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244 | (1) |
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29 Expressing certainty and knowledge |
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245 | (5) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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29.3 Essere certo, sicuro, convinto |
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246 | (1) |
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29.4 Non...certo, poco certo, incerto, poco sicuro |
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247 | (1) |
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29.5 Pensare, credere, sembrare, parere |
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247 | (1) |
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29.6 Ricordare, dimenticare |
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247 | (3) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (15) |
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250 | (1) |
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30.2 Combining statements of equal importance |
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250 | (2) |
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30.3 Combining statements of unequal importance |
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252 | (1) |
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30.4 Setting events in a time context |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (6) |
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30.6 Infinitives and gerunds |
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259 | (2) |
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30.7 Relationship of tenses in complex texts |
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261 | (4) |
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31 Quoting or reporting events and hearsay |
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265 | (6) |
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265 | (1) |
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31.2 Quoting: direct speech |
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266 | (1) |
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31.3 Reporting: indirect speech |
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267 | (1) |
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31.4 Reporting information or quoting hearsay |
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268 | (3) |
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32 Expressing possibility and probability |
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271 | (3) |
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271 | (1) |
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32.2 Certainty, uncertainty |
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271 | (1) |
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32.3 Knowing, not knowing |
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272 | (1) |
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32.4 Possible or impossible, probable or improbable |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (4) |
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274 | (1) |
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33.2 Purpose involving only the subject of the action |
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274 | (1) |
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33.3 Purpose involving someone or something else |
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275 | (2) |
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33.4 Purpose attached to a person or object |
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277 | (1) |
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34 Expressing causes and reasons |
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278 | (5) |
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278 | (1) |
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34.2 Specific people, factors or events responsible |
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278 | (1) |
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34.3 General cause or reason |
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278 | (2) |
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34.4 Il motivo, la causa, la ragione |
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280 | (1) |
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34.5 Causare, provocare, suscitare |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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34.8 Using the imperfect tense to give reasons |
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282 | (1) |
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35 Expressing result, effect and consequence |
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283 | (4) |
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283 | (1) |
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35.2 Coordinating conjunctions |
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283 | (1) |
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35.3 Conclusive (result) conjunctions |
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284 | (1) |
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35.4 Cosi, tale, tanto, troppo |
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284 | (1) |
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35.5 Words expressing result, effect |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (6) |
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287 | (1) |
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36.2 Expressing same time context |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (2) |
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36.4 Defining the limits of a period: `since'/`until' |
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290 | (1) |
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36.5 Specifying repetition and frequency |
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291 | (1) |
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36.6 Other expressions of time |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (7) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (3) |
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297 | (3) |
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38 Expressing a condition or hypothesis |
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300 | (5) |
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300 | (1) |
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38.2 A condition which is likely to be met (probable or highly possible) |
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300 | (1) |
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38.3 A condition which is unlikely to be met (improbable) |
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301 | (1) |
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38.4 A condition which can no longer be met (impossible) |
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301 | (1) |
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38.5 Expressing conditions with other conjunctions |
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302 | (1) |
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38.6 Expressing conditions with gerund, infinitive or participle |
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303 | (1) |
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38.7 Unfinished conditional sentence |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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39 Expressing reservation, exception and concession |
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305 | (6) |
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305 | (1) |
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39.2 Expressing reservation or exception |
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305 | (2) |
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39.3 Modifying a statement by concession |
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307 | (4) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (8) |
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311 | (1) |
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40.2 Spoken and written discourse |
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311 | (1) |
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40.3 Differences in lexis |
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312 | (1) |
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40.4 Differences in syntax |
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312 | (3) |
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40.5 Formal and informal registers |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (3) |
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41 Oral communication and telephone skills |
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319 | (9) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (2) |
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41.4 Techniques of oral communication |
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322 | (2) |
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41.5 Spelling on the telephone |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (11) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (3) |
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42.3 Informal written communication |
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331 | (1) |
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42.4 Extended writing: differences between English and Italian |
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332 | (1) |
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42.5 Writing essays, making connections |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (3) |
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42.7 Bureaucratic language |
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336 | (1) |
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42.8 Scientific and technical language |
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336 | (1) |
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42.9 Journalistic language |
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337 | (2) |
Appendix I Spelling and pronunciation |
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339 | (5) |
Appendix II Regular verb forms |
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344 | (6) |
Appendix III Irregular verb forms |
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350 | (13) |
Appendix IV Verbs and prepositions |
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363 | (5) |
Appendix V Sequence of tenses |
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368 | (3) |
Index |
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371 | |