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E-grāmata: Molecular Diagnostics

Edited by (Senior Lecturer in Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster), Edited by (Emeritus Fellow, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster)
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One of the most notable trends in biomedical science in recent years has been the increasing use of molecular techniques as part of the diagnosis of disease. As such, there is a growing need for students to understand the technological basis of molecular analysis and to have a comprehensive appreciation of their use in diagnosis. Combining coverage of molecular techniques with their application to diagnostic pathology, this book provides students with a thorough and up to date appreciation of the scope of molecular analysis, the principles of the technology used, and thematic diagnostic application.

As part of the Fundamentals of Biomedical Science series, the book provides a unique blend of theory and practice, featuring a range of learning features to help students assimilate the information presented quickly and effectively. It will be relevant to undergraduate students on a wide variety of biomedical pathways, cutting across traditional discipline boundaries to provide a unified overview of molecular diagnostics.
Acknowledgements vii
An introduction to the Fundamentals of Biomedical Science series viii
List of Contributors
xii
Introduction 1(2)
References
2(1)
1 Sample Preparation
3(31)
Anthony Warford
Sandra Hing
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Degradation of cells and tissues
4(1)
1.3 Sample preparation and storage
5(11)
1.4 Extraction methods
16(5)
1.5 Assessment of sample quality
21(8)
1.6 Future directions
29(1)
Chapter summary
30(1)
Further reading
30(1)
References
30(2)
Useful websites
32(1)
Discussion question
32(1)
Acknowledgements
32(2)
2 The Molecular Laboratory
34(15)
Sandra Hing
Anthony Warford
2.1 Introduction
34(1)
2.2 Optimal molecular laboratory design
35(3)
2.3 Laboratory accreditation and quality management systems
38(2)
2.4 Validation and verification
40(1)
2.5 Best practice
41(4)
2.6 External quality assessment
45(1)
2.7 Future directions
46(1)
Chapter summary
47(1)
References
48(1)
Useful websites
48(1)
Discussion question
48(1)
3 Intact Sample Analysis
49(28)
Anthony Warford
Emanuela V. Volpi
3.1 Introduction
49(1)
3.2 Technologies
50(1)
3.3 Immunocytochemistry
50(8)
3.4 Flow cytometry
58(6)
3.5 In situ hybridization
64(4)
3.6 Controls
68(1)
3.7 Future directions
69(3)
Chapter summary
72(1)
Further reading
72(1)
References
72(3)
Useful websites
75(1)
Discussion question
76(1)
4 Homogenate Sample Analysis
77(36)
Nadege Presneau
Abdul Hye
Nicholas Ashton
4.1 Introduction
77(1)
4.2 Nucleic acid analysis
78(18)
4.3 Protein analysis
96(12)
4.4 Future directions
108(5)
Chapter summary
108(1)
Further reading
109(1)
References
109(2)
Useful websites
111(1)
Discussion questions
112(1)
5 Sequencing Technologies
113(23)
Nadege Presneau
Rifat Hamaudi
5.1 Introduction
113(1)
5.2 First-generation sequencing
114(5)
5.3 Second- or next-generation sequencing
119(8)
5.4 Third-generation sequencing
127(3)
5.5 Future directions
130(1)
Chapter summary
130(1)
Further reading
131(1)
References
131(3)
Useful websites
134(1)
Discussion question
135(1)
6 Molecular Analysis and Interpreting Molecular Data
136(33)
Rifat Hamoudi
Anthony Warford
6.1 Introduction
136(1)
6.2 Data analysis of homogenate preparations
137(18)
6.3 Analysis of intact sample preparations
155(5)
6.4 Image capture and analysis
160(1)
6.5 Future directions
161(1)
Chapter summary
162(1)
Further reading
162(1)
References
162(4)
Useful websites
166(1)
Discussion questions
166(3)
7 Recent Technical Advances in Molecular Analysis
169(37)
Nadege Presneau
Mary Alikian
7.1 Introduction
169(1)
7.2 Liquid biopsy
170(14)
7.3 Digital PCR (dPCR)
184(16)
Chapter summary
200(1)
Further reading
200(1)
References
201(4)
Discussion question
205(1)
8 Haemopoietic Diseases 1: Leukaemias
206(41)
Georgina Ryland
Piers Blombery
8.1 An introduction to leukaemia classification
206(4)
8.2 Acute myeloid leukaemia
210(12)
8.3 Chronic myeloid leukaemia
222(5)
8.4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
227(4)
8.5 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (and other chronic lymphoid leukaemias)
231(9)
8.6 Multiple myeloma
240(3)
Chapter summary
243(1)
Further reading
244(1)
References
245(1)
Discussion questions
246(1)
9 Haemopoietic Diseases 2: Lymphoproliferative Disorders
247(23)
Mark Catherwood
Ken Mills
9.1 Introduction
247(1)
9.2 Classification of non-Hodgkin lymphomas
248(2)
9.3 Diagnostic haematopathology
250(14)
9.4 Future directions
264(2)
Chapter summary
266(1)
Further reading
266(1)
References
266(1)
Useful websites
266(3)
Discussion questions
269(1)
10 Breast Cancer
270(21)
Mary Falzon
Elaine Borg
Alexandra Saetta
10.1 Introduction
270(1)
10.2 Histopathological classification
271(4)
10.3 Grading of tumours
275(1)
10.4 Sentinel lymph node assessment
276(1)
10.5 Receptors
277(3)
10.6 Molecular classification
280(3)
10.7 Gene expression profiling of breast cancer
283(2)
10.8 Future directions
285(2)
Chapter summary
287(1)
Further reading
287(1)
References
287(2)
Useful websites
289(1)
Discussion question
290(1)
11 Epithelial Tumours and Melanoma
291(37)
Manuel Rodriguez-Justo
11.1 Introduction
291(1)
11.2 Colorectal cancer
292(12)
11.3 Gastric and gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma
304(3)
11.4 Lung cancer
307(4)
11.5 Melanoma
311(2)
11.6 Immuno-checkpoints in epithelial tumours and melanoma
313(3)
11.7 Future directions
316(3)
Chapter summary
319(1)
Further reading
319(1)
References
320(6)
Useful websites
326(1)
Discussion question
327(1)
12 Mesenchymal Tumours
328(20)
Fernanda Amary
12.1 Introduction
328(1)
12.2 Mesenchymal tumours associated with chromosomal translocations
329(11)
12.3 Mesenchymal tumours associated with gene amplification
340(3)
12.4 Mesenchymal tumours associated with point mutations
343(2)
12.5 Sarcomas associated with complex genomic events
345(1)
Chapter summary
345(1)
Further reading
345(1)
References
346(1)
Discussion questions
347(1)
13 Prenatal and Neonatal Testing
348(43)
Claire V. S. Brasted-Pike
13.1 Introduction
348(1)
13.2 Invasive testing
349(5)
13.3 Non-invasive testing
354(7)
13.4 Neonatal testing
361(2)
13.5 Applications for prenatal testing
363(9)
13.6 Applications for neonatal testing
372(5)
13.7 Ethical considerations
377(3)
13.8 Future directions
380(1)
Chapter summary
381(1)
Further reading
382(1)
References
382(8)
Useful websites
390(1)
Discussion questions
390(1)
Abbreviations 391(4)
Index 395
Anthony Warford is Emeritus Fellow in the Department of Biomedical Sciences at the University of Westminster, Fellow of the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Chartered Scientist. He is the primary author of two scientific papers on tissue microarray, two reviews on in situ hybridisation, and a book chapter on same subject, as well as being a co-author of many other papers. He has lectured internationally on immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation.

Nadčge Presneau is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Biomedical Sciences at the University of Westminster. She teaches Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genetics/Genomics at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Her research focuses principally on developing new bioinformatics approaches to identify driver genes involved in breast cancer using high throughput technologies such as Next Generation Sequencing. She is also interested in the development of new diagnostic tools for cancer as well as biobanking and ethics in translational research.