E-grāmata: MPLS and Next-Generation Networks: Foundations for NGN and Enterprise Virtualization

Introduction		xxii
Part 1 The Business Case for MPLS		1	(56)
The Dynamics of Service Creation and Deployment		3	(28)
Industry Dynamics and Challenges		4	(3)
What About the Enterprise Market?		7	(2)
Service Provider Business Engineering		7	(2)
Business Drivers and Requirements		9	(5)
Enterprise Customers		10	(1)
Enterprise Motivations for Migrating to Layer 3 Services		11	(3)
Service Providers and Enterprise: The Battle of Outsourcing Versus Do-It-Yourself		14	(4)
Do-It-Yourself		15	(1)
Enterprise Segmentation		16	(2)
Central Services with an Enterprise Campus		18	(1)
Subscribing to a Managed Layer 3 MPLS VPN Service		18	(4)
The Case for Building VPNs---Layer 2 or Layer 3		22	(4)
Existing Technologies---Frame Relay, ATM, and IP-Based Networks: What Can They Solve?		26	(1)
Frame Relay		26	(2)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode		27	(1)
The Internet Protocol		28	(1)
Service Examples		29	(1)
Summary		30	(1)
The Scope of Service Types		31	(26)
Overview of Layer 2 Services		34	(5)
Ethernet Services		35	(4)
Next-Generation Network Overview and Interworking Functions		39	(3)
Layer 3 Services		42	(3)
Remote Access		45	(3)
Value-Added Services		48	(7)
Summary		55	(2)
Part 2 The Technical Case for MPLS		57	(46)
Technology Overview: Making the Technology case for MPLS and Technology Details		59	(44)
Available Technologies and Options		60	(2)
Why MPLS? (High-Level Detail)		62	(4)
MPLS and Quality of Service		66	(5)
Differentiating Service with Traffic Engineering		69	(1)
Multicast		70	(1)
Benefits		71	(3)
MPLS Technology Details		74	(1)
Layer 3 VPNs		75	(8)
Peer-to-Peer Model		77	(1)
VRF and Its Function		78	(2)
MPLS Label Stack Role		80	(1)
Topologies		81	(2)
Carrier Supporting Carrier and Inter-Provider Autonomous Systems		83	(1)
Traffic Engineering		84	(7)
DiffServ		91	(4)
Layer 2 VPNs		95	(6)
Summary		101	(2)
Part 3 MPLS Services and Components		103	(198)
Layer 2 VPNs		105	(34)
Taxonomy		108	(3)
Introducing AToM		111	(9)
Pseudowire Systems Architecture		112	(2)
Packet Forwarding		114	(1)
Layer 2 Transport Types (Like-to-Like)		115	(1)
Ethernet Service		115	(1)
Link Layer Service		116	(1)
Frame Relay Service		116	(1)
ATM Service		117	(1)
Configuration of Pseudowires		118	(2)
Layer 2 Interworking		120	(3)
Interworking Modes		121	(1)
Interworking Models and Applications		121	(2)
Virtual Private LAN Service		123	(1)
Considerations for VPLS		123	(1)
Provisioning and Signaling		124	(8)
LDP Signaling		126	(2)
BGP Signaling		128	(4)
Benefits of L2VPNs		132	(3)
Inter-AS L2VPNs		135	(1)
Supported IETF Standards		136	(1)
Summary		137	(1)
Standards and References		138	(1)
Layer 3 VPNs		139	(24)
Technology Overview		141	(5)
Separation of Routing Information Between VPNs		141	(1)
Constrained Distribution of Routing Information		142	(2)
Forwarding Packets Through the Network Core		144	(1)
Packet Flow Through the Network		145	(1)
Corporate Intranet		146	(2)
Corporate Extranet		148	(1)
Internet Access		149	(5)
Dedicated per-VPN Internet Access		151	(1)
Shared PE---Internet and VPN		151	(1)
Dedicated PE---Shared Backbone		152	(1)
Managed Central Service---Shared Internet Access		152	(2)
Scaling MPLS VPNs to Multi-AS, Multi-Provider, and Hierarchical Networks		154	(2)
Inter-AS VPNs		154	(1)
Carrier Supporting Carrier		155	(1)
Heterogeneous Networks		156	(1)
Managed Central Services		157	(4)
Making Applications and Services VRF-Aware		158	(1)
VRF-Aware Address Management		159	(2)
Supported IETF Drafts		161	(1)
Summary		162	(1)
Standards and References		162	(1)
Remote Access and IPSec Integration with MPLS VPNs		163	(14)
Technology Overview		164	(9)
Dial Access		166	(1)
Individual Access		167	(1)
CE Dial Backup Access		168	(1)
Dial-Out Access		169	(1)
DSL Access		170	(1)
Routed Encapsulation		171	(1)
Bridged Encapsulation		171	(1)
Cable Access		172	(1)
PE-CE Routing Protocols		173	(1)
Scalability and Network Convergence for Remote Access		174	(1)
Summary		175	(2)
MPLS Security		177	(46)
Security and NGN		178	(2)
Security Overview and MPLS		180	(4)
MPLS VPN and Security		184	(5)
Attack Scenarios		189	(12)
Internet/Extranet and MPLS Security		197	(4)
IPSec		201	(7)
MPLS VPN (BGP VPN) Security Issues and Options		203	(5)
Layer 2 and Unmanaged VPN Service Considerations		208	(9)
Design Option Examples		209	(3)
Carrier's Carrier Network and Inter-Autonomous Considerations		212	(3)
Customer Edge Router Security Considerations		215	(2)
Overall Best Practice Recommendations		217	(2)
Summary		219	(1)
Standards and References		220	(3)
Traffic Engineering		223	(26)
Problem Statement		224	(3)
Technology Overview		227	(7)
IGP Extensions and Distribution of Constraints		227	(1)
Signaling of TE Tunnels		228	(2)
Forwarding Packets Through the Network Core		230	(1)
Sequence of Operation		231	(1)
TE Tunnel Maintenance		232	(2)
TE Applications and Examples		234	(3)
Intra-Area TE		234	(1)
Inter-Autonomous System TE		235	(1)
Quality of Service and TE		236	(1)
Traffic Handling of Delay-Sensitive Traffic		236	(1)
Protection and Restoration		237	(6)
Link Protection		237	(2)
Node Protection		239	(2)
Path Protection		241	(1)
Usage Scenarios		242	(1)
Scalability of Protection Mechanisms		242	(1)
Scaling MPLS TE		243	(1)
MPLS Traffic Engineering and Multicast		244	(2)
Standards and References		246	(1)
Summary		247	(2)
Quality of Service		249	(22)
Problem Statement		250	(18)
IP QoS		252	(1)
QoS Building Blocks		252	(4)
IntServ		256	(1)
DiffServ		257	(1)
Packet Handling		258	(1)
The Hybrid Model		258	(1)
MPLS QoS		259	(1)
MPLS DiffServ		259	(3)
Traffic Engineering and DiffServ		262	(1)
DiffServ-Aware Traffic Engineering		262	(3)
MPLS QoS Service Examples		265	(1)
Point-to-Cloud Model		265	(1)
Olympic Service Model		265	(1)
Traffic-Engineered Voice Model		266	(1)
Virtual Leased Line		266	(1)
On-Demand QoS		266	(1)
MPLS and IntServ		267	(1)
Traffic Flows to MPLS DiffServ Mapping		267	(1)
Tunnel-Based Admission Control		268	(1)
Standards and References		268	(1)
Summary		269	(2)
Mutlicasts and NGNs		271	(16)
Problem Statement		273	(2)
MPLS Multicast VPN Overview		275	(6)
Multicast VPN Operational Details		277	(4)
MPLS Multicast VPN Applications and Examples		281	(2)
Multicast Security and Management Considerations		283	(2)
Standards and References		285	(1)
Summary		285	(2)
IPv6 and MPLS		287	(14)
Problem Statement		290	(1)
Technology Overview		290	(9)
IPv6 PE		292	(1)
Multiprotocol BGP Extensions		292	(1)
Packet Path		293	(1)
IPv6 VPNs (6VPE)		294	(1)
Route Tagging		294	(1)
Virtual Routing and Forwading with IPv6		294	(1)
Packet Path		295	(1)
The Coexistence of IPv4 L3VPN and IPv6 L3VPN		296	(1)
IPv6 Network Core		297	(1)
Inter-AS Networks for 6PE and v6VPNs		297	(1)
IPv6 QoS		298	(1)
MPLS QoS for IPv6		299	(1)
Management and IPv6		299	(1)
Summary		300	(1)
Part 4 Bringing Your MPLS Plan Together		301	(82)
Network Management and Provisioning		303	(28)
Problem Statement		304	(2)
Fault Management, Configuration Management, Accounting Management, Performance Management, and Security Management		306	(2)
MPLS OAM		307	(1)
VRF-Aware ICMP Ping and LSP Ping/Trace Mechanisms		308	(1)
Dealing with Equal Cost Multipaths		309	(2)
Noncompliant Routers		310	(1)
LSR Self-Test		310	(1)
Virtual Circuit Connection Verification and Bidirectional Forwarding Detection		311	(3)
A Word About Interworking OAM		314	(3)
Any to Any		314	(1)
Local Switching		315	(1)
Encapsulation Types and Modes		315	(1)
ATM over MPLS		315	(1)
ATM N:1 Mode		315	(1)
ATM I:1 Mode		316	(1)
AALS SDU Mode		316	(1)
AAL5 PDU Mode		316	(1)
Frame Relay over MPLS		316	(1)
Generic Failure Types		317	(1)
Interface Failure		317	(1)
Pseudo wire Failures		317	(1)
Tunnel LSP Failures		318	(1)
Configuration Management for MPLS-Based Networks		318	(4)
Accounting for MPLS-Based Networks		322	(1)
Performance Management for MPLS-Based Networks		323	(1)
Security Management for MPLS-Based Networks		324	(1)
Per-VPN Management		324	(3)
IP Addressing		325	(2)
VRF-Aware Network Address Translation		327	(1)
Supported MIBs		327	(1)
Standards and References		328	(1)
Summary		329	(2)
Design Considerations: Putting it All Together		331	(26)
VRF-Aware Feature		332	(7)
IP Addressing: VRF-Aware DHCP		334	(1)
DHCP Deployment Examples		335	(3)
Deployment Guideline Summary		338	(1)
VRF-Aware Network Address Translation		338	(1)
NAT-PE System Flow		339	(2)
Inside-to-Outside Packet Flow		340	(1)
Outside-to-Inside Packet Flow		340	(1)
Deployment Guideline Summary		341	(1)
Management, Provisioning, and Troubleshooting		342	(1)
Equipment Scalability Versus Network Scalability		343	(11)
Network Element Characteristics		346	(1)
Network Parameters		347	(2)
Network-Wide Scale		349	(2)
Management and Scalability		351	(1)
Layer 2 VPNs---What to Expect		352	(1)
Same Grade of Service		352	(1)
Planning and Sizing		353	(1)
Density		353	(1)
Management		354	(1)
Summary		354	(3)
MPLS Case Studies		357	(8)
The Background on Equant		358	(2)
Equant Business Drivers		359	(1)
Equant Services		359	(1)
VPN Bridge Case Study		360	(2)
Background		360	(1)
Customer Issues/Objectives		360	(1)
The Account Team's Keys to Success		361	(1)
Case Study Conclusion		362	(1)
Summary		363	(2)
The Future of MPLS		365	(18)
Integrating IP and Optical Networks (Transport Area)		367	(5)
How Does it Work?		368	(3)
Bandwidth On-Demand Service		371	(1)
Challenges Faced with G-MPLS and UCP		371	(1)
Future Layer 3 Services		372	(2)
Label-Switched Multicast		372	(1)
Dynamic Encrypted VPNs		373	(1)
Content-Based Services		373	(1)
Adaptive Networks for Integration of Voice and Video		373	(1)
Security Enhancements		374	(1)
Future Layer 2 Services		374	(2)
ATM-MPLS Interworking		375	(1)
Layer 2 VPNs Across Multiple Provider Networks		375	(1)
VPLS Service Across a Non-Ethernet Last Mile		375	(1)
Future Enhancements in Provisioning and Management		376	(1)
Adaptive Self-Healing Networks		376	(1)
Increasing Enterprise Deployment of MPLS		377	(1)
Summary		377	(1)
So, What Is the Future of MPLS?		378	(1)
A View from George Swallow		378	(2)
A View from Adrian Farrell		380	(3)
Index		383

Monique Jeanne Morrow is currently a Distinguished Consulting Engineer at CiscoSystems, Inc. She has more than 20 years experience in IP internetworking that includesdesign, implementation of complex customer projects, and service development for serviceproviders. Monique has been involved in developing managed network services, such asremote access and LAN switching in a service provider environment. Monique has workedfor both enterprise and service provider companies in the U.S. and in Europe. In 1999,Monique led the engineering project team for one of the first MPLS-VPN deployments fora European service provider. Monique has presented in various conferences on the topic of MPLS. Additionally, Monique is coauthor of the book Designing IP-Based Services: Solutions for Vendors and Service Providers Monique is also the coauthor of MPLS VPN Security and MPLS forDecision Makers She is working on a book that presents enterprise drivers and concerns for IP-based service delivery. Monique is active in both the IETF and ITU-T SG 13 with a focus on OAM. She has a masters of science degree in telecommunications management and an MBA. Additionally, Monique is vice chair of IPsphere Forum. Monique is currently engaged in MPLS OAM standards development and has been engaged in international carrier discussions on the topic. Monique was a co-guest editor of a special issue of the IEEE Communications Magazine on the subject of OAM in MPLSBasedNetworks, which was published in October 2004. She was also a guest editor of aspecial issue of the IEEE Communications Magazine on the subject of Challenges inEnabling Inter-Provider Service Quality on the Internet, published in June 2005 and on thesubject of, GMPLS: The Promise of the Next Generation Optical Control Plane,published in July 2005. Finally, Monique is working on NGN for service providers andGRID technology.

Azhar Sayeed is currently the director of product management for the Cisco NetworkSoftware and Systems Group. He has more than 16 years of networking andcommunications industry experience. Azhar is currently responsible for productmanagement and roll out of MPLS, Layer 2 and Layer 3 VPNs, broadband technologies IProuting, and Qo) features in Cisco IOS software. Cisco IOS software is the network systemsoftware that powers the majority of Cisco hardware platforms.Prior to joining Cisco in 1998, Azhar worked for Cabletron Systems as aproduct line manager for the ATM group. He designed and implemented productdevelopment strategies and brought products to market. He has held additionalindustry positions including that of an ATM aviator with Digital EquipmentCorporation where he supported presale operations of the High PerformanceNetworks group for Digital.Azhar started his career as a field engineer, installing X.25 and Frame Relaygear for large service provider and enterprise networks. Since then, he has beeninvolved with ATM and MPLS in DEC, Cabletron, and Cisco.Azhar has published several research papers from his masters thesis anddozens of magazine articles on MPLS and QoS. He has been invited to speak atseveral conferences, such as MPLS 2002 through MPLS 2005. He has also spokenat MPLS Con 2002, Broadband Year, Comdex, N+I, Supercomm, APRICOT,MPLS World Congress, and so on.Azhars interests include network protocols and wireless and broadbandtechnologies. Azhar holds a bachelors degree in electronics and communicationsand a masters degree in electrical engineering. He is also a member of IEEE andIEEE communications society.