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Multiphoton Lithography: Techniques, Materials, and Applications [Hardback]

Aleksandr Ovsianikov, Robert Liska, Jürgen Stampfl

Formāts: Hardback, 408 pages, height x width x depth: 249x173x25 mm, weight: 953 g
Izdošanas datums: 09-Nov-2016
Izdevniecība: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
ISBN-10: 3527337172
ISBN-13: 9783527337170

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Printing & reprographic technology - (Noliktavā: 1 punkts)

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Formāts: Hardback, 408 pages, height x width x depth: 249x173x25 mm, weight: 953 g
Izdošanas datums: 09-Nov-2016
Izdevniecība: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
ISBN-10: 3527337172
ISBN-13: 9783527337170

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Printing & reprographic technology - (Noliktavā: 1 punkts)

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9783527337170.html

Keywords:

This first book on this fascinating, interdisciplinary topic meets the much-felt need for an up-to-date overview of the field.
Written with both beginners and professionals in mind, this ready reference begins with an introductory section explaining the basics of the various multi-photon and photochemical processes together with a description of the equipment needed. A team of leading international experts provides the latest research results on such materials as new photoinitiators, hybrid photopolymers, and metallic carbon nanotube composites. They also cover promising applications and prospective trends, including photonic crystals, microfluidic devices, biological scaffolds, metamaterials, waveguides, and functionalized hydrogels.
By bringing together the essentials for both industrial and academic researchers, this is an invaluable companion for materials scientists, polymer chemists, surface chemists, surface physicists, biophysicists, and medical scientists working with 3D micro- and nanostructures.

List of Contributors

Foreword

xvii

Introduction

xix

Part I Principles of Multiphoton Absorption

(94)

1 Rapid Laser Optical Printing in 3D at a Nanoscale

Albertas Zukauskas

Mangirdas Malinauskas

Gediminas Seniutinas

Saulius Juodkazis

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 3D (Nano)polymerization: Linear Properties

(6)

1.2.1 Photocure and Thermal Cure of Photoresists

(1)

1.2.2 Tight Light Focusing

(2)

1.2.3 Optical Properties at High Excitation: From Solid to Plasma

(2)

1.2 A Heat Accumulation

(3)

1.3 3D (Nano)polymerization: Nonlinear Properties

(4)

1.3.1 Strongest Optical Nonlinearities

(2)

1.3.2 Avalanche Versus Multiphoton Excitation

(2)

1.4 Discussion

(1)

1.5 Conclusions and Outlook

(7)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(6)

2 Characterization of 2PA Chromophores

(40)

Eric W. Van Stryland

David J. Hagan

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Description of Nonlinear Absorption and Refraction Processes

(5)

2.2.1 Two-Photon Absorption and Bound-Electronic Nonlinear Refraction

(2)

2.2.2 Excited-State Absorption and Refraction

(3)

2.3 Methods for Measurements of NLA and NLR

(24)

2.3.1 Direct Methods

(1)

2.3.1.1 Nonlinear Transmission

(1)

2.3.1.2 Z-Scan

(7)

2.3.1.3 Determining Nonlinear Response from Pulse-width Dependence of Z-Scans

(2)

2.3.1.4 White-Light-Continuum Z-Scan (WLC Z-Scan)

(2)

2.3.1.5 Other Variants of the Z-Scan Method

(2)

2.3.2 Indirect Methods

(1)

2.3.2.1 Excitation--Probe Methods

(3)

2.3.2.2 White-Light-Continuum (WLC) Excite--Probe Spectroscopy

(3)

2.3.2.3 Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM)

(2)

2.3.2.4 Two-Photon-Absorption-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy

(2)

2.3.2.5 Fluorescence Anisotropy

(1)

2.4 Examples of Use of Multiple Techniques

(4)

2.4.1 Squaraine Dye

(1)

2.4.2 Tetraone Dye

(2)

2.5 Other Methods

(1)

2.6 Conclusion

(5)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(5)

3 Modeling of Polymerization Processes

(30)

Alexander Pikulin

Nikita Bityurin

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Basic Laser Polymerization Chemistry and Kinetic Equations

(3)

3.3 Phenomenological Polymerization Threshold and Spatial Resolution

(6)

3.4 Effect of Fluctuations on the Minimum Feature Size

(8)

3.5 Diffusion of Molecules

(7)

3.5.1 Diffusion of the Growing Chains

(2)

3.5.2 Diffusion of Inhibitor: Diffusion-Assisted Direct Laser Writing

(4)

3.6 Conclusion

(5)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(4)

Part II Equipment and Techniques

(38)

4 Light Sources and Systems for Multiphoton Lithography

(14)

Ulf Hinze

Boris Chichkov

4.1 Laser Light Sources

(1)

4.2 Ultrashort-Pulse Lasers

(2)

4.3 Laboratory Systems and Processing Strategy

100

(5)

4.4 Further Processing Considerations

105

(6)

References

108

(3)

5 STED-Inspired Approaches to Resolution Enhancement

111

(22)

John T. Fourkas

5.1 Introduction

111

(2)

5.2 Stimulated Emission Depletion Fluorescence Microscopy

113

(4)

5.3 Stimulated Emission Depletion in Multiphoton Lithography

117

(5)

5.4 Photoinhibition

122

(1)

5.5 Inhibition Based on Photoinduced Electron Transfer

123

(3)

5.6 Absorbance Modulation Lithography

126

(1)

5.7 Challenges for Two-Color, Two-Photon Lithography

127

(1)

5.8 Conclusions

128

(5)

Acknowledgments

128

(1)

References

128

(5)

Part III Materials

133

(132)

6 Photoinitiators for Multiphoton Absorption Lithography

135

(32)

Mei-Ling Zheng

Xuan-Ming Duan

6.1 Introduction for Photoinitiators for Multiphoton Absorption Lithography

135

(6)

6.1.1 Multiphoton Absorption Lithography

135

(1)

6.1.2 Photoinitiators for Multiphoton Absorption Lithography

135

(1)

6.1.2.1 History of the Design of Two-Photon Initiators

135

(1)

6.1.2.2 Property of Two-Photon Initiators

136

(1)

6.1.3 Characterization of Two-Photon Initiators

137

(3)

6.1.4 Molecular Design for Photoinitiators

140

(1)

6.2 Centrosymmetric Photoinitiators

141

6.3 Noncentrosymmetric Photoinitiators

153

6.4 Application of Photoinitiators in Multiphoton Absorption Lithography

156

(4)

6.5 Conclusion

162

(5)

Acknowledgment

163

(1)

References

163

(4)

7 Hybrid Materials for Multiphoton Polymerization

167

(16)

Alexandros Selimis

Maria Farsari

7.1 Introduction

167

(1)

7.2 Sol--Gel Preparation

168

(1)

7.3 Silicate Hybrid Materials

169

(2)

7.4 Composite Hybrid Materials

171

(2)

7.5 Surface and Bulk Functionalization

173

(2)

7.6 Replication

175

(1)

7.7 Conclusions

176

(7)

References

176

(7)

8 Photopolymers for Multiphoton Lithography in Biomaterials and Hydrogels

183

(38)

Mark W. Tibbitt

Jared A. Shadish

Cole A. DeForest

8.1 Introduction

183

(3)

8.2 Multiphoton Lithography (MPL) for Photopolymerization

186

(2)

8.3 MPL Equipment for Biomaterial Fabrication

188

(1)

8.4 Chemistry for MPL Photopolymerizations

189

(13)

8.4.1 Photopolymerization

189

(2)

8.4.2 Photoinitiator Selection

191

(2)

8.4.3 Photopolymer Chemistries

193

(1)

8.4.3.1 Macromer Chemistries

193

(1)

8.4.3.2 Photochemical Polymerization and Degradation

194

(8)

8.5 Biomaterial Fabrication

202

(1)

8.6 Biomaterial Modulation

203

(3)

8.7 Biological Design Constraints

206

(2)

8.8 Biologic Questions

208

(1)

8.9 Outlook

209

(12)

References

210

(11)

9 Multiphoton Processing of Composite Materials and Functionalization of 3D Structures

221

(44)

Casey M. Schwarz

Christopher N. Grabill

Jennefir L. Digaum

Henry E. Williams

Stephen M. Kuebler

9.1 Overview

221

(4)

9.2 Polymer--Organic Composites

225

(5)

9.2.1 Fluorescent-Dye-Doped Organic Microstructures

225

(2)

9.2.2 Organic Composites for Lasing Microstructures

227

(1)

9.2.3 Organic Composites for Electrically Conductive Microstructures

227

(2)

9.2.4 Other Optically Active Microstructures

229

(1)

9.3 Multiphoton Processing of Oxide-Based Materials

230

(5)

9.3.1 Titanium Dioxide

231

(1)

9.3.2 Zinc Oxide

231

(1)

9.3.3 Zirconium Dioxide

232

(1)

9.3.4 Iron Oxide

232

(1)

9.3.5 Tin Dioxide

233

(1)

9.3.6 Germanium Dioxide

234

(1)

9.3.7 Silicon Dioxide

234

(1)

9.4 Multiphoton Processing of Metallic Composites and Materials

235

(11)

9.4.1 Thermal Evaporation

236

(1)

9.4.2 e-Beam Evaporation

236

(1)

9.4.3 Magnetron Sputtering

236

(1)

9.4.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition

237

(1)

9.4.5 Functionalization by Attachment of Nanoparticles

238

(1)

9.4.6 Electroless Metallization from Solution

239

(3)

9.4.7 Multiphoton Lithography of Nanoparticles Supported in a Polymer Matrix

242

(2)

9.4.8 Direct Writing of Continuous-Metal Microstructures

244

(1)

9.4.9 Metal Backfilling by Electroplating

245

(1)

9.5 Multiphoton Processing of Semiconductor Composites and Materials

246

(2)

9.5.1 Structures Functionalized with Nanoparticles

246

(1)

9.5.2 Structures Functionalized using NP-Polymer Composites

246

(1)

9.5.3 Structures Functionalized by In Situ NP Formation

247

(1)

9.5 A Structures Functionalized by NP Coating

248

(6)

9.5.5 Structures Functionalized by Silicon Inversion

250

(2)

9.5.6 Functional Structures Fabricated in Bulk Chalcogenide Glasses

252

(1)

9.5.7 Structures Fabricated in ChG Film

252

(2)

9.5.8 Structures Fabricated in ChG--NP Composites

254

(1)

9.6 Conclusion

254

(11)

Acknowledgments

255

(1)

References

255

(10)

Part IV Applications

265

(88)

10 Fabrication of Waveguides and Other Optical Elements by Multiphoton Lithography

267

(30)

Samuel Clark Ligon

Josef Kumpfmuller

Niklas Pucher

Jurgen Stampfl

Robert Liska

10.1 Introduction

267

(1)

10.2 Acrylate Monomers for Multiphoton Lithography

268

(9)

10.3 Thiol--Ene Resins

277

(3)

10.4 Sol--Gel-Derived Resins

280

(4)

10.5 Cationic Polymerization and Stereolithography

284

(3)

10.6 Materials Based on Multiphoton Photochromism

287

(5)

10.7 Conclusions

292

(5)

Acknowledgments

292

(1)

References

292

(5)

11 Fabricating Nano and Microstructures Made by Narrow Bandgap Semiconductors and Metals using Multiphoton Lithography

297

(18)

Min Gu

Zongsong Gan

Yaoyu Cao

11.1 Introduction

297

(1)

11.2 Fabrication of 3D Structures Made by PbSe with Multiphoton Lithography

298

(6)

11.2.1 Challenges of Multiphoton Lithography with Top-Down Approach for Narrow Electronic Bandgap Semiconductors

298

(1)

11.2.2 Photoresin Development

299

(3)

11.2.3 Two-Photon Lithography of PbSe Structures

302

(1)

11.2.4 Confirmation of PbSe Formation

303

(1)

11.3 Fabrication of Silver Structures with Multiphoton Lithography

304

(6)

11.3.1 Principle of Resolution Improvement by Increasing Photosensitivity in Photoreduction

305

(1)

11.3.2 Photosensitivity Enhancement by Tuning Laser Wavelength

305

(3)

11.3.3 Dot Size Model Based on Photosensitivity

308

(2)

11.3.4 Further Increase the Photosensitivity with an Electron Donor

310

(1)

11.4 Conclusions

310

(5)

Acknowledgments

312

(1)

References

312

(3)

12 Microfluidic Devices Produced by Two-Photon-Induced Polymerization

315

(20)

Shoji Maruo

12.1 Introduction

315

(1)

12.2 Fabrication of Movable Micromachines

316

(4)

12.3 Optically Driven Micromachines

320

(5)

12.4 Microfluidic Devices Driven by a Scanning Laser Beam

325

(2)

12.5 Microfluidic Devices Driven by a Focused Laser Beam

327

(3)

12.6 Microfluidic Devices Driven by an Optical Vortex

330

(1)

12.7 Future Prospects

331

(4)

References

332

(3)

13 Nanoreplication Printing and Nanosurface Processing

335

(18)

Christopher N. LaFratta

13.1 Introduction: Limitations of Multiphoton Lithography

335

(1)

13.2 Micro-transfer Molding (μTM)

336

(2)

13.3 μTM of Complex Geometries

338

(1)

13.4 Nano-replication of Other Materials

339

(3)

13.5 Nanosurface Metallization Processing

342

(2)

13.6 Nanosurface Structuring via Ablation

344

(5)

13.7 Conclusion and Future Directions

349

(4)

References

351

(2)

Part V Biological Applications

353

(24)

14 Three-Dimensional Microstructures for Biological Applications

355

(22)

Adriano J. G. Otuka

Vinicius Tribuzi

Daniel S. Correa

Cleber R. Mendonca

14.1 Introduction

355

(2)

14.2 3D Structures for Cells Studies

357

(6)

14.3 Biocompatible Materials

363

(5)

14.4 Scaffolds for Bacterial Investigation

368

(3)

14.5 Microstructures for Drug Delivery

371

(3)

14.6 Final Remarks

374

(3)

References

374

(3)

Index

377

Jurgen Stampfl studied Applied Physics at the University of Technology in Graz (Austria) and received his PhD in Materials Science from the University of Leoben (Austria) in 1996. From 1997 to 2000, he worked as a research associate at the Rapid Prototyping Lab at Stanford University (USA). In 2001, he joined the Institute of Materials Science and Technology at the Vienna University of Technology (Austria), where he was appointed associate professor for Materials Science in 2005. He is head of the working group Functional Non-Metals and since 2012 (together with Robert Liska) head of the Christian Doppler Laboratory for photopolymers in digital and restorative dentistry. His expertise lies in the field of additive manufacturing technologies and the development and characterization of advanced materials.

Robert Liska received his PhD from the Vienna University of Technology (Austria) in 1998. In 2006, he completed his habilitation with a work on the topic of macromolecular chemistry. He is leader of the research group Photopolymerization at the Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry at the Vienna University of Technology. In 2012, he became head of the Christian Doppler Laboratory for photopolymers in digital and restorative dentistry and since 2016 he is full professor for organic technology. He is interested in the research topics photoinitiation, photopolymerization, additive manufacturing, and biomedical polymers. Liska is co-author of eight book chapters and of more than 100 peer-reviewed journal articles.

Dr. Aleksandr Ovsianikov is currently an Assistant Professor at Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien, Austria). His research is dealing with the use of additive manufacturing technologies for tissue engineering and regeneration. Dr. Ovsianikov has background in laser physics and material processing with femtosecond lasers. After undergraduate studies at the Vilnius University (Lithuania) he completed his PhD at the Nanotechnology Department of the Laser Zentrum Hannover, and received his degree from the University of Hannover (Germany) in 2008. A particular focus of the current research of Dr. Ovsianikov is the development of multiphoton processing technologies for engineering biomimetic 3D cell culture matrices. In 2012 he was awarded a prestigious Starting Grant from the European Research Council (ERC) for a project aimed at this topic. Since 2004 Dr. Ovsianikov has contributed to over 60 publications in peer-reviewed journals and 5 book chapters.

Multiphoton Lithography: Techniques, Materials, and Applications [Hardback]

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