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E-grāmata: NASA Spaceflight: A History of Innovation

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NASA Spaceflight: A History of InnovationPalielināt
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This book presents the first comprehensive history of innovation at NASA, bringing together experts in the field to illuminate how public-private and international partnerships have fueled new ways of exploring space since the beginning of space travel itself. Twelve case studies trace the messy, risky history of such partnerships, exploring the role of AT&T in the early development of satellite technology, the connections between the Apollo program and Silicon Valley, the rise of SpaceX, and more. Some of these projects have succeeded, and some have failed; all have challenged conventional methods of doing the public’s business in space. Together, these essays offer new insights into how innovation happens, with invaluable lessons for policymakers, investors, economists, and members of the space community.
1 Introduction: Partnerships for Innovation
1(32)
Roger D. Launius
Howard E. McCurdy
A Characterization of Innovation
2(2)
The Innovation Process
4(3)
The Conventional Model
7(2)
Exploration Without Innovation
9(5)
NASA's Attempts to Innovate
14(5)
Pockets of Innovation
19(4)
Things to Come
23(10)
2 The Origins and Flagship Project of NASA's International Program: The Ariel Case Study
33(24)
Angelina Long Callahan
Introduction: Coordinating Among Emerging Centers of Space Science and Technology
33(3)
The IGT Satellite Tears: Coordinating Resources for Space Science
36(3)
NASA Formation: Research Coordination Sustainable Within the US Political Economy
39(2)
Ariel Tears, 1959-1981: The Collective Learning Process Sustained
41(9)
Concluding Thoughts: Mutually Beneficial Coordination with the World's Lean Space Powers
50(7)
3 Global Instantaneous Telecommunications and the Development of Satellite Technology
57(32)
Roger D. Launius
John R. Pierce and the Bell Laboratories Satellite Telecommunications Initiative
59(2)
Hughes Aircraft Company Enters the Satellite Communications Competition
61(1)
T. Keith Glennan and the Pursuit of Satellite Telecommunications Policy
62(6)
Kennedy and the Redefinition of Policy
68(2)
The Telstar Publicity Harvest
70(2)
The Satellite Communications Act of 1962 and the Communications Satellite Corporation
72(5)
NASA and the Continued Advance of Communications Satellites
77(3)
An Emphasis on Lessons
80(9)
4 The Other Side of Moore's Law: The Apollo Guidance Computer, the Integrated Circuit, and the Microelectronics Revolution, 1962-1975
89(40)
Paul E. Ceruzzi
The Launch Vehicle Digital Computer: The First of the Five Apollo Computers
92(3)
The Apollo Guidance Computers on the Command and Lunar Modules: The Second and Third Computers
95(4)
The Planar Process and the Invention of the Integrated Circuit
99(7)
The Apollo Contract
106(13)
Conclusion: Did the NASA Contract Jump Start the Microelectronics Revolution?
119(10)
5 NASA's Mission Control Center: The Space Program's Capitol as Innovative Capital
129(26)
Layne Karafantis
A Complex Story
130(5)
Building the Mission Control Center
135(7)
Operations
142(4)
Conclusion
146(9)
6 Lessons of Landsat: From Experimental Program to Commercial Land Imaging, 1969-1989
155(30)
Brian Jirout
Early Landsat Years, 1966-1978
157(4)
Commercialization and the Failure of Innovation
161(1)
The Reagan Administration's Vision for Landsat
162(1)
NOAA's Call for Contractors in 1983
163(3)
Congress Votes for Commercialization: Land Remote Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984
166(3)
Commercialization to Contract: NOAA takes Landsat to Market, 1984-1985
169(1)
Commercialization Collapses, 1986-1989
170(3)
Commercial Consequences
173(3)
Lessons of Landsat
176(9)
7 Selling the Space Shuttle: Early Developments
185(30)
John M. Logsdon
Pricing the Space Shuttle
187(4)
Revising the Initial Pricing Policy
191(3)
Cultivating New Shuttle Users
194(3)
Joint Endeavor Agreements
197(4)
Marketing the Space Shuttle
201(3)
Offering a Ride into Space
204(2)
A Private-Sector Alternative?
206(1)
Lessons Learned
207(8)
8 Something Borrowed, Something Blue: Repurposing NASA's Spacecraft
215(22)
Matthew H. Hersch
Bricolage in NASA Spaceflight Programs
216(2)
Building Skylab
218(5)
Rescue Technologies for Skylab
223(2)
From Apollo-Soyuz to International Skylab
225(2)
Skylab in the Shuttle Era
227(3)
Assessing NASA's Bricolage
230(2)
Conclusion
232(5)
9 Encouraging New Space Firms
237(30)
John M. Logsdon
Early Years
240(3)
The Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS)
243(7)
Disaster, then Recovery
250(1)
Let's Build a Rocket!
250(5)
Pegasus' First Flight---and Another Orbital "Survival Crisis"
255(5)
Lessons Learned
260(7)
10 The Discovery Program: Competition, Innovation, and Risk in Planetary Exploration
267(24)
Michael J. Neufeld
Program Origins, 1989-1993
268(3)
Discovery in the Heyday of Faster, Better, Cheaper," 1993-2001
271(5)
Discovery's Time of Troubles, 2002-2005
276(4)
Discovery 2.0, 2005-Present
280(3)
Discovery and Innovation at NASA
283(8)
11 Partnerships for Innovation: The X-33/VentureStar
291(30)
Howard E. McCurdy
Chasing the Wedge
292(3)
Planning by Budget
295(3)
Single Stage to Orbit
298(2)
Commercial Space
300(1)
A Partnership for the X-34
301(4)
A Partnership for the X-33
305(3)
Technology Challenges
308(3)
Assessing the Effort
311(10)
12 Microgravity, Macro Investment: Overcoming International Space Station Utilization Challenges Through Managerial Innovation
321(28)
Emily A. Margolis
Dreaming of a Laboratory in Space
323(2)
Realities of Research in Orbit
325(4)
From Dreams to Discontent
329(4)
Another Way Forward
333(9)
Conclusion
342(7)
13 NASA, Industry, and the Commercial Crew Development Program: The Politics of Partnership
349(30)
W. Henry Lambright
Approach
351(2)
Agenda-Setting
353(1)
Formulation
354(2)
Adoption
356(1)
Early Implementation
357(2)
Evaluation/Reorientation
359(2)
Formulating Policy for Crew
361(1)
Adopting Commercial Crew
362(2)
Implementing CCDev2
364(5)
Later Implementation: CCDev3
369(1)
SpaceX Comes Through
369(2)
CCDev4 Begins and COTS Ends
371(1)
Toward Cargo Institutionalization
372(1)
Conclusion
372(7)
14 Conclusion: What Matters?
379(18)
Roger D. Launius
Howard E. McCurdy
Some Hypotheses
381(9)
Lessons from the Case Studies
390(7)
Index 397
Roger D. Launius has written or edited more than thirty books on aerospace history, most recently Historical Analogs for the Stimulation of Space Commerce (2014), and Space Shuttle Legacy: How We Did It and What We Learned (2013). Howard E. McCurdy is Professor in the School of Public Affairs at American University, USA. He is the author of numerous works on the national space program, including Inside NASA (1993), Faster, Better, Cheaper (2001), and Space and the American Imagination (rev. ed. 2011).
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