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E-grāmata: Nation-Building in the Baltic States: Transforming Governance, Social Welfare, and Security in Northern Europe

(Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, USA), (Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, USA)
  • Formāts: 286 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-Aug-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Apple Academic Press Inc.
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040181980
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  • Bibliotēkām
  • Formāts: 286 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-Aug-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Apple Academic Press Inc.
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040181980
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The product of more than twenty years of research, first-person observations, discussions, and policy analyses, Nation-Building in the Baltic States: Transforming Governance, Social Welfare, and Security in Northern Europe explores the characteristics of the Baltic states as positioned in the northeast corridor in terms of military strife and polity development such as democratization. It details governments' efforts to abet transparency and trust by way of developing new public and private institutions for advancements like innovation and private wealth creation.

The book examines the effects of various factors of economic and social adjustments in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The authors explore the opportunities and problems that have shaped the regions progress in the process of rebuilding democratic institutions and nation states after regaining their independence. They then describe the regions progress in laying the critical internal foundation necessary for maintaining their political independence. The book also reviews the progress made in strengthening what the authors believe are key social functions of government in what the EU describes as its social market system: the provision of social welfare services that meets the needs of all. The book concludes with a realistic picture of future hurdles for this region, looking at lingering challenges and regional instabilities, policy mistakes not to be made again, and recommendations for national planning and resource management.

Going beyond a massive, single explanation of recent Baltic developments, the book provides a broad picture of development of social and political trends and insights with separate evaluations of issues in the process of national transformation. It provides a foundation examining the forces that will shape the future of the Baltic states.

Recenzijas

"The 11 chapters of the book address an unusually broad range of subjects, including the educational systems, fiscal governance, the "managing" of transformation, democratic institutions, civil society, and security of the Baltic states. each topic is divided into three segments addressing each of the Baltic countries. be recommended as an introduction to the Baltic states. Summing Up: Recommended. General readers and lower-division undergraduate students." R. P. Peters, Univ. of Massachusetts at Boston and Harvard University Davis Center for Russian, CHOICE

Preface xv
About the Authors xix
1 Transformation Challenges 1(20)
Historical Perspective
1(4)
World War I and the Interwar Years
3(1)
World War II and Beyond
4(1)
Geographic Influences
5(2)
Geopolitical Influences
7(3)
Russian Revanchist Policies
7(2)
Russian Power in Central Europe
9(1)
Cultural Influences
10(1)
Demographic Influences
11(3)
Shrinking Populations
11(3)
Economic Influences
14(4)
Conclusion
18(3)
2 Transforming the Polity 21(22)
Establishing a Government Structure
21(1)
Evolutionary Transformation
22(1)
Stages of Transformation
23(2)
Stage One Transformation: 1990-1994
25(6)
First-Stage Reforms
26(1)
Overcoming Barriers
27(1)
International Assistance
28(1)
First-Stage Reform in Estonia
28(1)
First-Stage Reforms in Latvia
29(1)
First-Stage Reforms in Lithuania
30(1)
Second-Stage Government Reforms: 1995-2003
31(5)
Second-Stage Reforms in Estonia
31(1)
Second-Stage Reforms in Latvia
32(3)
Second-Stage Reforms in Lithuania
35(1)
Third-Stage Government Reforms: 2004-2013
36(5)
Third-Stage Reforms in Estonia
36(2)
Unresolved Problems
37(1)
Third-Stage Reforms in Latvia
38(1)
Third-Stage Reforms in Lithuania
39(2)
Conclusion
41(2)
3 Shaping the Nation State 43(22)
Six Stages of Change
44(1)
Adopting Democracy and the Rule of Law
45(3)
Autocratic States Endure
46(2)
The Baltic States as Free, Pluralistic Societies
48(3)
System Transformation
51(1)
Changing the Rules
52(1)
Changes Needed for Nation—State Status
52(2)
Change Indicators
53(1)
Factors Resisting Change
54(1)
The Human Factor
54(1)
The Minority Factor in Nation Building
55(8)
Minorities in Estonia
55(2)
Russian-Speaking Minorities in Latvia
57(3)
Minorities in Lithuania
60(8)
The Polish Minority
60(2)
The Russian Minority
62(1)
Conclusion
63(2)
4 Building Social Capital 65(20)
Rules and Norms
67(1)
Networks and Social Interaction
68(2)
Social Networks and Alliances
69(1)
Cooperative Institutions
69(1)
Trust as Social Capital
70(11)
Corruption Affects Trust
71(1)
Measuring Trust
72(13)
Trust in Government (TGF)
76(1)
Trust in Society Factor (TSF)
77(1)
Social Networking Factor (SNS)
78(1)
Political Efficacy Factor (PEF)
79(1)
Faith in the Future Scale (FFF)
80(1)
Civism as Social Capital
81(1)
Conclusion
82(3)
5 Forming Civil Society 85(22)
Civil Society Defined
85(3)
Foundations of Civil Society
86(2)
EU Support for Civil Society Development
88(3)
Origin of the Concept
89(1)
Civil Society Sustainability
90(1)
Civil Society Policy in Estonia
91(5)
Civil Education
92(1)
Citizens' Associations
92(1)
Government—Nongovernment Partnerships
93(1)
Involvement and Participation
94(1)
Increasing Charity and Philanthropy
95(1)
Media in Estonia
96(1)
Civil Society in Latvia
96(3)
Civic Activity
97(1)
Media Involvement
97(1)
Equal Opportunity
98(1)
Promoting Civic Education
99(1)
Civil Society in Lithuania
99(4)
Legal Basis for NGOs
100(1)
Progress of NGOs in Lithuania
101(1)
Internal and External Support
102(1)
The Media and Civil Society
103(2)
Conclusion
105(2)
6 Nurturing Democratic Institutions 107(22)
Democratic Institutions
108(1)
Democratic Institutions in the Baltic States
109(2)
Growth of Political Parties
111(5)
Political Parties in Estonia
112(1)
Political Parties in Latvia
112(1)
Political Parties in Lithuania
113(3)
A Legacy of Corruption
116(6)
Forms of Corruption
116(2)
Measuring Corruption
118(2)
Anti-Corruption Efforts in Estonia
120(1)
Anti-Corruption Efforts in Latvia
120(1)
Anti-Corruption in Lithuania
121(1)
Revitalizing Voter Participation
122(4)
Why the Decline in Voting
122(1)
Voter Participation in Estonia
123(1)
Voter Participation in Latvia
124(1)
Voter Participation in Lithuania
125(1)
Conclusion
126(3)
7 Transforming Social Welfare 129(24)
Comparing Traditions
131(2)
Defining Social Welfare
131(1)
The Core Social Safety Net
132(1)
Evolution of Public Welfare Systems
133(5)
Soviet Occupation Systems
133(1)
Transition Period
134(1)
Theoretical Improvements
135(2)
Need-Related Theories
137(1)
Social Welfare Status after 20-Plus Years
137(1)
The European Union Core Social Model
138(1)
Selected Features of National Welfare Policies
139(1)
Social Welfare Policies in Estonia
140(3)
The Extant System
141(2)
Social Welfare and Health Policies in Latvia
143(5)
Unemployment Assistance
143(2)
Welfare System Funding
145(3)
Healthcare Providers
148(1)
Social Welfare and Health Policies in Lithuania
148(2)
Baltic States' Overall Well-Being
150(1)
Conclusion
151(2)
8 Transforming Education Systems 153(22)
Slow Reform Progress
154(1)
Varying Influence
155(1)
Education and Development
155(3)
Education System Foundations
158(3)
Phases of Education Transformation
161(3)
The First Phase of Education Formation
161(1)
The Second Phase
161(1)
The Third Phase
161(1)
The Fourth Phase
162(1)
The Fifth Phase
163(1)
The Sixth Phase
163(1)
Transforming Education in Estonia
164(2)
Tertiary (Post-Secondary) Education
165(1)
Transforming Education in Latvia
166(4)
Primary, Secondary, and Vocational Education
166(1)
Tertiary (Post-Secondary) Education
167(3)
Transforming Education in Lithuania
170(2)
Primary, Secondary, and Adult Education
170(1)
Tertiary (Post-Secondary) Education
171(1)
Halfway Point
172(1)
Conclusion
173(2)
9 Transforming Fiscal Governance 175(24)
Reform Progress
176(1)
Functional Relationships
177(6)
Analysis Limitations
179(4)
Fiscal Governance in the Baltic States
183(2)
The Role of Budgeting
184(1)
Budgeting in Estonia
185(3)
Developing Strategy
187(1)
Budgeting in Latvia
188(3)
Budgeting in Lithuania
191(4)
Additional Objectives
195(1)
Conclusion
196(3)
10 Shaping Baltic States' Security 199(22)
Security and Independence
200(3)
Increasing Security Risks
203(1)
Evolution of Post-Soviet Russian Policies
204(3)
The Baltic States, Russia, and NATO
207(2)
Relations with Former Soviet Republics
208(1)
Rebuilding Russian Armed Forces
209(5)
Baltic Defense Capability
214(4)
Economic Relationships
216(1)
Cultural Enemies
216(1)
Paternalistic Hegemony
217(1)
Energy Security
218(1)
Weighing the Balance
218(1)
Conclusion
219(2)
11 Managing Transformation 221(14)
Planning for the Future
224(2)
Principal Priorities
225(1)
Common Problems, Separate Goals
226(3)
Major Long-Term Issues
229(4)
Demographic Time Bomb
229(1)
Fiscal Governance
230(1)
Unemployment
230(2)
Education and Development
232(1)
Conclusion
233(2)
References 235(24)
Index 259
Gundar J. King, Professor and Dean Emeritus of the School of Business at Pacific Lutheran University, was born and raised in Latvia where he graduated from the Riga First State (Classical) Gymnasium. Author of many articles and books for managers, he holds a Stanford Ph.D. (business) degree, the Dr. Habil Oecon. degree granted by the Latvian Science Council and the Dr. of Science (h.c.) degree awarded by the Riga Technical University. Founding president of the Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies, he is also an international member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences.

David E. McNabb, professor emeritus at the Pacific Lutheran University, has been a visiting professor at the Stockholm School of Economics-Riga, the American University in Bulgaria, University of Maryland University College-Europe, and the University of Washington-Tacoma. He is currently an adjunct professor at Olympic College. He has a Ph.D. in administration from Oregon State University and an MA in communications from the University of Washington. His current research interests focus on Baltic-area public policy and on research methods. He is the author of eight books and nearly 100 articles and conference papers.