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E-grāmata: Natural Hazards in Australasia

Edited by (University of New South Wales, Sydney), Edited by (University of Auckland)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-Jul-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781316689295
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-Jul-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781316689295
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A textbook designed for students taking a course in natural hazards with an Australasian focus and context. In full colour and richly supported by photographs, illustrations and maps.

Many ideas and concepts about natural hazards have been developed in Australasia, but these are often overlooked in books written from a Northern Hemisphere perspective. Natural Hazards in Australasia is the first textbook that considers Australasian natural hazards, their triggering mechanisms and the physical and social environments in which they occur. James Goff and Chris de Freitas lead an expert author team from around Australia and New Zealand to introduce readers to the natural hazards of the Australasian region, including floods, drought, tropical cyclones, volcanic and seismic hazards, tsunamis, landslides and bushfires. This book explores the interactions not only between one hazard and another, but also between humans and natural hazards. Key pedagogical features for students include learning objectives, regional case studies, summaries, chapter glossaries, end-of-chapter review and discussion questions, and further reading and resources. The full colour text is enhanced by a rich array of illustrations, photographs and maps.

Papildus informācija

A textbook designed for students taking a course in natural hazards with an Australasian focus and context.
List of contributors
x
List of figures and tables
xi
List of case studies
xv
Acknowledgements xvi
1 Introduction
1(6)
James Goff
C R de Freitas
Introduction
2(1)
What is Australasia?
2(1)
What is a natural hazard?
3(1)
Conceptual overview
3(2)
Scope and plan of the book
5(1)
References
6(1)
2 Floods
7(25)
C R de Freitas
Learning objectives
8(1)
Introduction and overview
8(2)
Hazard event characteristics
10(1)
Types of floods and their causes
10(5)
Measuring and monitoring floods
15(1)
Probabilities and frequencies
16(1)
Flood hazard mitigation and management
17(2)
Adjustments and human response
19(4)
Avoidance
19(1)
Protection
20(1)
Regulation
21(1)
Relocation
22(1)
Compensation
22(1)
Education
23(1)
Coastal inundation
23(2)
Hazard risk assessment and management
25(2)
Summary
27(1)
Glossary
28(1)
Review questions
29(1)
Discussion questions
29(1)
Further reading and other resources
29(1)
References
30(2)
3 Drought
32(19)
C R de Freitas
Learning objectives
33(1)
Introduction and overview
34(1)
Characteristic dimensions of droughts
35(1)
What is drought?
36(2)
Meteorological drought
36(1)
Agricultural drought
37(1)
Hydrological drought
37(1)
Socioeconomic drought
38(1)
Causes of drought
38(2)
Drought indices
40(3)
Impacts of drought
43(1)
Human response to the drought hazard
44(4)
Water supply management
45(1)
Water demand management
45(1)
Mitigation of drought impact
45(3)
Summary
48(1)
Glossary
48(1)
Review questions
48(1)
Discussion questions
49(1)
Further reading and other resources
49(1)
References
49(2)
4 Tropical cyclones
51(22)
C R de Freitas
Learning objectives
52(1)
Introduction
52(1)
Characteristics of tropical cyclones
53(1)
Tropical cyclone formation and decay
54(4)
Tropical cyclone intensity
55(3)
Monitoring and warnings
58(3)
Trends and links with large-scale atmospheric circulation
61(2)
Impacts of tropical cyclones
63(4)
Impact mitigation
67(1)
Risk analysis and future trends
68(1)
Summary
69(1)
Glossary
69(1)
Review questions
70(1)
Discussion questions
70(1)
Further reading and other resources
70(1)
References
71(2)
5 Volcanic hazards
73(31)
Jan Lindsay
Mary Anne Thompson
Philip Shane
Learning objectives
74(1)
Introduction
74(3)
Overview of volcanoes in Australasia
77(10)
Australia
80(1)
New Zealand
81(2)
Melanesia
83(2)
South-West Pacific
85(2)
Physical dimensions of volcanic hazard
87(6)
Likelihood of eruption
87(1)
Style of eruption
88(1)
Hazardous volcanic phenomena
89(2)
Hazards of the AVF
91(2)
Human and social dimensions of volcanic hazard
93(1)
Terminology of risk
93(1)
Volcanic impacts
94(1)
Impact assessment in the AVF
94(1)
Hazard mitigation and risk reduction for volcanic hazard
94(3)
Summary
97(1)
Glossary
98(2)
Review questions
100(1)
Discussion questions
101(1)
Further reading and other resources
101(1)
References
101(3)
6 Seismic hazards
104(43)
M. C. Quigley
B. Duffy
Learning objectives
105(1)
Introduction
105(3)
The origin of earthquakes
108(5)
Plate tectonics, stress and rock fracturing
108(1)
Earthquakes, faults, and plate tectonic settings
108(5)
Earthquake behaviour and triggering
113(4)
Models for describing earthquake behaviour
113(2)
Earthquake triggering
115(2)
Measurement and characterisation of earthquake shaking and faulting
117(5)
Earthquake shaking intensity
117(3)
Measuring fault ruptures
120(2)
Earthquake frequency-magnitude relationships
122(3)
Earthquake hazards
125(10)
Faulting-induced hazards
125(1)
Shaking-induced hazards
126(1)
Assessing, avoiding and mitigating earthquake hazards
127(8)
Summary
135(1)
Glossary
136(4)
Review questions
140(1)
Discussion questions
140(1)
Further reading and other resources
140(3)
References
143(4)
7 Tsunamis
147(31)
James Goff
Catherine Chague-Goff
Learning objectives
148(1)
What is a tsunami?
148(1)
Introduction and overview
148(3)
Overview of tsunamis in Australasia
151(11)
Australia
151(2)
New Zealand
153(4)
Pacific Island countries and territories within Australasia
157(3)
Distant threats for Australasia
160(2)
Physical dimensions of tsunamis
162(4)
Causes
162(1)
What is a tsunami?
163(1)
Measuring and observing tsunamis
163(3)
Human and social dimensions of tsunamis
166(2)
Hazard mitigation and risk reduction for tsunamis
168(4)
Summary
172(1)
Glossary
172(2)
Review questions
174(1)
Discussion questions
174(1)
Further reading and other resources
174(1)
Websites
174(1)
Papers
175(1)
References
175(3)
8 Landslides
178(47)
Samantha Clarke
Thomas Hubble
Learning objectives
179(1)
Introduction
179(1)
What is a landslide and why do they happen?
179(1)
Case studies
180(6)
An overview of landsliding
186(2)
Landslide terminology
186(2)
Overview of landslide occurrence in Australasia
188(10)
Australia
191(1)
New Zealand
192(6)
Papua New Guinea
198(1)
Understanding and modelling landslides
198(11)
Anatomy of a landslide
200(1)
Slope stability analysis and the infinite slope equation
200(2)
Infinite slope equation: static analysis
202(7)
Reconsideration of the case studies
209(1)
Management and mitigation strategies
210(6)
Risk avoidance and hazard mapping
210(3)
Engineered solutions and barriers
213(3)
Summary
216(1)
Glossary
216(2)
Review questions
218(1)
Discussion questions
219(1)
Further reading and other resources
219(1)
References
219(6)
9 Bushfires
225(33)
Joshua Whittaker
Katharine Haynes
Learning objectives
226(1)
Introduction
226(1)
Overview of bushfire in Australia
226(6)
Significant bushfire events
227(5)
Physical dimensions of bushfire
232(5)
Climate and fire weather
232(1)
Vegetation and fuel
233(2)
Fire behaviour
235(2)
Human and social dimensions of bushfire
237(5)
Human locations and land uses
237(2)
Planning, preparation and response
239(1)
Gender and bushfire
240(1)
Life and property losses
240(2)
Hazard mitigation and risk reduction
242(6)
Fuel management
243(1)
Land-use planning
244(1)
Building regulations and codes
245(1)
Reducing bushfire ignitions
245(1)
Fire and emergency response
246(1)
Prepared, responsive communities
247(1)
Future challenges
248(1)
Conclusion
248(1)
Summary
248(2)
Glossary
250(1)
Review questions
251(1)
Discussion questions
251(1)
Further reading and other resources
252(1)
References
252(6)
Index 258
Professor Goff is particularly interested in tsunamis - all aspects of tsunamis - hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment, disaster and emergency management, but in studying this particular natural hazard his interests have quite naturally extended to include a vast range of others. He has worked in environments from the high mountains to the deep ocean and therefore all natural hazards and the associated human-environment interactions are of interest to him. He has worked on natural hazards such as tsunamis, earthquakes, cyclones, volcanic eruptions, river floods, glacial outbursts, and landslides in Australia, the Antarctic, New Zealand, Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Japan, Solomon Islands, Cook Islands, Chile, Mexico, the Maldives, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu, Hawaii, New Caledonia, the Falkland Islands, French Polynesia, Canada, UK, USA (including Hawaii), France, Greece, Belize, and Wallis and Futuna. He has written over 200 peer reviewed publications on a wide range of physical and social science issues. He is Professor of Tsunami Research and Deputy Director of the Palaeontology, Geobiology and Earth Archives (Pangea) Research Centre in the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. He has been Adjunct Professor at the University of Hawaii, Visiting Professor at Arizona State University, and is currently Honorary Research Associate at the University. Chris de Freitas is a climate scientist at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, where he has been Head of Science and Technology at the Tamaki campus and has spent four years as Pro Vice Chancellor. He received his early education in Trinidad, West Indies. He has Bachelors and Masters degrees from the University of Toronto and PhD from the University of Queensland as a Commonwealth Doctoral Scholar. He has been vice-president of the Meteorological Society of New Zealand, vice-president of the International Society of Biometeorology, editor of the international journal Climate Research, and co-founder of the Australian-New Zealand Climate Forum. He has over 200 journal publications and is author of several books.