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E-grāmata: Natural Hazards: Explanation and Integration

(East Carolina University, United States), (University of South Florida, United States), (Texas State University, United States)
  • Formāts: 445 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 21-Apr-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Guilford Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781462529193
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  • Formāts: 445 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 21-Apr-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Guilford Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781462529193
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What can we learn from the spatial patterns of disasters? What human and structural factors need to be addressed to explain hazard vulnerability? As populations grow and the climate warms, how can natural hazards be mitigated? Thoroughly revised and updated, and now with a more global perspective, the second edition of this accessible text provides an integrated framework for understanding and managing natural hazards. Numerous case studies from around the world illustrate the complexities of extreme geophysical events and highlight their physical, social, political, and economic dimensions. The text identifies essential principles for tackling the fundamental causes of differential vulnerabilities that perpetuate human distress, and for promoting recovery and resilience.
 
New to This Edition
*New frameworks for understanding human resilience and adaptive capacity in recovery, dynamics of risk and uncertainty, and more.
*Chapter on spatial and temporal aspects of hazards. 
*Discussions of cutting-edge topics, such as chronic disasters, controversies in international aid, and how hazards affect regions differentially.
*Many new case studies, including Hurricanes Katrina and Charley, Superstorm Sandy, the 2011 Japan tsunami, Ecuador's chronic volcanic hazard, and others.
*Reflects 20 years of research advances across the physical and social sciences, development trends, new technologies, and ongoing global climate change.
 


What can we learn from the spatial patterns of disasters? What human and structural factors need to be addressed to explain hazard vulnerability? As populations grow and the climate warms, how can natural hazards be mitigated? Thoroughly revised and updated, and now with a more global perspective, the second edition of this accessible text provides an integrated framework for understanding and managing natural hazards. Numerous case studies from around the world illustrate the complexities of extreme geophysical events and highlight their physical, social, political, and economic dimensions. The text identifies essential principles for tackling the fundamental causes of differential vulnerabilities that perpetuate human distress, and for promoting recovery and resilience.
 
New to This Edition
*New frameworks for understanding human resilience and adaptive capacity in recovery, dynamics of risk and uncertainty, and more.
*Chapter on spatial and temporal aspects of hazards. 
*Discussions of cutting-edge topics, such as chronic disasters, controversies in international aid, and how hazards affect regions differentially.
*Many new case studies, including Hurricanes Katrina and Charley, Superstorm Sandy, the 2011 Japan tsunami, Ecuador's chronic volcanic hazard, and others.
*Reflects 20 years of research advances across the physical and social sciences, development trends, new technologies, and ongoing global climate change.
*Pedagogical features: chapter introductions and within-chapter summaries.
 

Recenzijas

"A welcome update. Maintaining the original framework, the second edition of this text integrates the temporal and spatial aspects of hazards while eschewing a hazard-by-hazard approach. Synthetic in nature, the examples bridge the physical, social, and behavioral sciences, and reflect important advances in thinking about vulnerability as well as newer concerns such as climate change. More than just descriptive, Natural Hazards provides clear prescriptions for reducing vulnerability to disastrous events. I look forward to using this text in my upper-level undergraduate hazards course."--Jerry T. Mitchell, PhD, Department of Geography, University of South Carolina

"This is the most comprehensive and up-to-date text on the nature and mitigation of natural hazards. It approaches natural disasters by focusing on their root causes, including hazard perception and behavior, topics missing from most current texts. The book presents a model of risk that strikes a balance between the physical mechanisms and the human dimension of natural hazards and considers available coping strategies as an essential element. I plan to adopt this text for my class."--Qian Guo, PhD, Department of Geography and Environment, San Francisco State University

"Montz, Tobin, and Hagelman use the lenses of both the physical and social sciences to provide an interdisciplinary examination of a multifaceted topic. The book describes the relationship of humans to natural hazards at multiple scales--from individuals to communities to nations--while being ever mindful that knowledge should serve as a basis for action. The book is filled with international examples, as well as dozens of charts and tables that measure hazards and vulnerability in every way possible. This comprehensive and readable review is the most complete introduction I know of to this field."--Robert B. Olshansky, PhD, FAICP, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign

"This particularly rich volume brings together three outstanding scholars dedicated to reducing loss of life, property damage, and expenses related to disasters. Expertly combining an understanding of physically situated risks and their related human impacts, the text walks readers through how and why natural hazards create disasters. It is deeply embedded in evidence-based best practices and well poised to generate theoretical and practical insights."--Brenda Phillips, PhD, Associate Dean and Professor of Sociology, Ohio UniversityChillicothe

"Combining the study of physical features of natural hazards with the complicated role of human interaction, this 'must-read' book offers a unique perspective for all emergency managers, regardless of specialty. It provides the best summary of where the field has been, highlights past lessons learned from national and international disasters, and discusses the current accepted cycle of recovery. The critique of governmental entities at the local, state, and federal levels, and the emphasis on positive public policy support of mitigation practices and risk reductionfocused leadership, also make this a valuable book for public administrators."--Charla Marchuk, MPA, CFM, natural hazards specialist, Denton, Texas

1 Natural Hazards and Disasters: When Potential Becomes Reality
1(58)
Natural Disasters: A Normal State of Affairs
1(8)
Definitions: Natural Hazards and Disasters
9(4)
The Components of Natural Hazards: An Evolution
13(8)
Physical Perspectives
13(2)
Human Dimensions
15(2)
Structural Constraints and Societal Controls
17(2)
A Time--Space Context for Hazard Classification
19(2)
Significance of Hazard Losses
21(19)
Deaths
21(2)
Temporal Trends
23(2)
Spatial Patterns
25(7)
Geophysical Typologies
32(1)
Spatial and Temporal Trends: Explanation and Integration
33(7)
Hazards: Risk and Vulnerability
40(4)
Hazards: Players and Decision Makers
44(5)
Living with Hazards
46(2)
Fatalities, Survivors, and Others
48(1)
Hazards and Health
49(6)
Physical Problems
51(1)
Mental Health Problems
52(3)
An Integrative Framework for Analyzing Hazards
55(4)
2 Physical Dimensions of Natural Hazards
59(43)
Introduction
59(1)
The Traditional Approach
59(4)
Geophysical Processes
60(3)
Physical Mechanisms
63(36)
Magnitude
64(1)
Meteorological Events
64(9)
Hydrological Events
73(11)
Geological Events
84(15)
Chapter Summary
99(3)
3 Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Natural Hazards
102(1)
Introduction
102(1)
Spatial Distribution
102(8)
Spatial Extent
103(6)
Summary
109(1)
Temporal Distribution
110(23)
Duration
110(4)
Frequency
114(10)
Seasonality
124(9)
Diurnal Factors: Differences between Day and Night
133(1)
Speed of Onset
133(5)
Theoretical Integration
138(5)
4 Perception Studies: The Individual in Natural Hazards
143(42)
Introduction
143(2)
Underlying Hypotheses, or Easy Questions with Complex Answers
145(10)
Locational Decision Making in Hazardous Areas
147(1)
Evacuation Decision Making
148(5)
Bizarre Decision Making in Hazardous Events
153(2)
Philosophical Approaches
155(8)
Behavioral Approaches
155(2)
Preference Models
157(2)
Utility Models
159(2)
Political-Economy Approaches
161(2)
Summary
163(1)
Perception of Hazards: Contributing Factors
163(14)
Situational Factors: The Physical Environment
165(4)
Situational Factors: The Socioeconomic Environment
169(4)
Culture
173(1)
Experience
174(3)
Cognitive Factors
177(5)
Psychological Factors
177(4)
Attitudinal Factors
181(1)
Integration And Explanation
182(3)
5 Behavioral Studies: Community Attitudes and Adjustment
185(31)
Introduction
185(1)
Choices for Communities
186(2)
Community Attitudes: A Complex of Variables
188(6)
Community Values, Norms, and Beliefs
188(2)
Size and Interorganizational Relationships
190(2)
Influences on Decision Making and Decision Makers
192(2)
Temporal Patterns in Community Response
194(3)
Immediate Postdisaster Response and Recovery
194(3)
The Important Components of Recovery
197(5)
Experience
197(2)
Leadership
199(1)
Interorganizational and Intergovernmental Coordination
200(1)
Summary
201(1)
Community Attitudes and Responses after the Cleanup
202(8)
Return to Normalcy
202(2)
Community Response Options
204(3)
Actors and Factors in Long-Term Community Response
207(2)
Maintenance of Community Attitudes and Adjustments
209(1)
Summary
210(1)
Mandated Community Adjustment
210(3)
Conclusion And Integration
213(3)
6 Public Policy and Natural Hazards
216(45)
Introduction
216(1)
Public Problem, Public Policy
217(3)
The Goals of Policy
220(1)
Policy Implementation: Alternative Strategies
221(1)
Categories of Policy Implementation
222(25)
Regulatory Approaches
224(10)
Summary
234(1)
Programmatic Options
234(8)
Cooperative and Mandated Programs
242(5)
Constraints on Public Policy
247(5)
Physical and Technical Constraints
247(3)
Financial and Economic Constraints
250(1)
Legal, Administrative, and Ownership Constraints
251(1)
Other Constraints
252(1)
Levels of Government Involvement
252(2)
Conclusion And Integration
254(7)
7 The Economic Impacts of Hazards and Disasters
261(36)
Introduction
261(2)
The Range of Considerations
263(2)
Economic Impacts of Events
265(20)
Immediate Losses from an Event
265(5)
Relief Aid Following an Event
270(6)
Long-Term Hazard-Related Impacts
276(2)
Predicting Losses
278(3)
Long-Term Impacts on the Housing Market: A Special Case
281(4)
The Economic Impacts of Policy Options and Adjustments
285(10)
Cost--Benefit Analysis
286(7)
The Indirect Economic Impacts of Adjustment Choices
293(2)
Conclusion And Integration
295(2)
8 Risk Assessment
297(44)
Introduction
297(1)
What Is Risk?
297(13)
Hazard Risk
299(4)
Choice of Action/Survivors of Circumstance
303(1)
Outcomes: Probability and Consequence
304(2)
Uncertainty
306(1)
Risk Communication
306(2)
Risk Analysis: Different Views Yield Different Decisions
308(2)
Measures of Risk
310(8)
Perceived Risk
311(4)
Accepted and Acceptable Risks
315(2)
Availability of Information and the Role of the Media
317(1)
Summary
317(1)
The Changing Nature of Risk
318(9)
Risks from Nature and Risks from Technology
318(4)
Changing Risks by Mitigation
322(1)
Risks from Multiple Natural Hazards
323(3)
Summary
326(1)
Risk Management
327(11)
Elements of the Risk Management Process
328(10)
Conclusion And Integration
338(3)
9 An Integrated Approach to Natural Hazards
341(34)
Theoretical and Contextual Frameworks
344(15)
Physical Characteristics of Natural Hazards
346(1)
Political-Economic Factors
347(2)
Individual and Societal Dimensions
349(3)
Social Elements
352(2)
Risk and Vulnerability
354(1)
Hazard Mitigation in Context
355(4)
The Disaster--Damage--Repair--Disaster Cycle
359(2)
Survival Amid Catastrophe
361(4)
International Initiatives
365(5)
Technological and Structural Fixes
367(1)
Data Deficiencies
367(1)
Isolated Management of Disaster Situations
368(1)
Resistant Political Forces
369(1)
Progress in Unifying Concerns
370(1)
Modeling Vulnerability and Resilience
370(2)
The Future of Hazard Reduction
372(3)
References 375(54)
Index 429(16)
About the Authors 445
Burrell E. Montz, PhD, is Professor of Geography in the Department of Geography, Planning, and Environment at East Carolina University. Throughout her career, she has been involved in teaching and research on natural hazards, water resources management, and environmental impact analysis. She has addressed such topics as the effects of flooding on property values, perceptions of risk, and responses to warnings. Dr. Montz has worked in Slovenia and New Zealand, as well as numerous locations throughout the United States.

Graham A. Tobin, PhD, is Professor of Geography in the School of Geosciences at the University of South Florida. His research focuses on natural hazards and water resources, addressing issues of human vulnerability, community sustainability and resilience, hazard perception and social networks, environmental impacts, and health conditions in disaster-prone environments. Dr. Tobin has conducted investigations in the United States, United Kingdom, Ecuador, Mexico, and New Zealand, centered on disaster outcomes, evacuation strategies, and recovery associated with floods, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes.

Ronald R. Hagelman, III, PhD, is Associate Professor and Associate Chair of the Department of Geography at Texas State University. His research interests include natural hazards, disaster reconstruction, historical geography of disasters, urban environmental management, and local food systems. Dr. Hagelman's research, primarily conducted in the U.S. Gulf Coast region, investigates human/social response to acute and chronic changes to environmental conditions. These have included climate change planning, recovery and reconstruction following natural disasters, and sustainability trends in urban environmental management.