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E-grāmata: Natural Philosophy: From Social Brains to Knowledge, Reality, Morality, and Beauty (Treatise on Mind and Society)

(Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Waterloo)
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Paul Thagard uses new accounts of brain mechanisms and social interactions to forge theories of mind, knowledge, reality, morality, justice, meaning, and the arts. Natural Philosophy brings new methods for analyzing concepts, understanding values, and achieving coherence. It shows how to
unify the humanities with the cognitive and social sciences.

How can people know what is real and strive to make the world better? Philosophy is the attempt to answer general questions about the nature of knowledge, reality, and values. Natural Philosophy pursues these questions by drawing heavily on the sciences and finds no room for supernatural entities
such as souls, gods, and possible worlds. It provides original accounts of the traditional branches of philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics.

Rather than reducing the humanities to the sciences, this book displays fertile interconnections that show that philosophical questions and artistic practices can be much better understood by considering how human brains operate and interact in social contexts. The sciences and the humanities are
interdependent, because both the natural and social sciences cannot avoid questions about methods and values that are primarily the province of philosophy.

This book belongs to a trio that includes Brain-Mind: From Neurons to Consciousness and Creativity and Mind-Society: From Brains to Social Sciences and Professions. They can be read independently, but together they make up a Treatise on Mind and Society that provides a unified and comprehensive
treatment of the cognitive sciences, social sciences, professions, and humanities.

Recenzijas

Thagard embraces what he calls the "three analysis" method-i.e., providing exemplars, typical features, and explanations. He applies this methodology extensively throughout the text to philosophical questions related to such topics as mind, knowledge, reality, morality, meaning, and beauty. Though this strategy "does not yield answers that reign with unchallengeable certainty," as Thagard writes in chapter 1, it does provide answers-or, better, hypotheses that are consistent with a metaphysics based in scientific realism and an epistemology based in reliable coherentism. * H. Storl, Augustana College, Choice * With the appearance of Natural Philosophy, Paul Thagard, one of the foremost proponents of philosophical naturalism in our time, establishes how the social, cognitive, and brain sciences, and Chris Eliasmith's Semantic Pointer Architecture, in particular, provide resources for a rigorous, scientifically-informed, and systematic approach to the entire range of classical philosophical problems. Thagard's Natural Philosophy is not a program of reduction but rather one of integration, which examines what are, in a scientific age, the inevitable interconnections and interdependence of these sciences and the perennial projects of philosophy - including metaphysics and mind, epistemology and ethics, and political philosophy and the philosophy of art. With the characteristic clarity, economy, and insight that have distinguished all of his work for more than four decades, Thagard demonstrates the strengths of a naturalistic philosophical program that attends to the relevant sciences, compared to its classical and contemporary competitors." * Robert N. McCauley, William Rand Kenan Jr. University Professor of Philosophy at the Center for Mind, Brain, and Culture, Emory University and author of Why Religion Is Natural and Science Is Not (OUP) * Drawing on the many original positions he has developed throughout his distinguished career in philosophy and cognitive science, Paul Thagard provides a synoptic overview of natural philosophy in his flowing, easy to read style. He makes use of the now widely accepted view, that he helped to develop, of interactions between mechanisms at multiple levels - the molecular, neuronal, mental, and social. The work admirably shows that philosophy can be, as he puts it 'extraverted, directing its attention to real world problems.'" * Lindley Darden, Professor of Philosophy, University of Maryland, College Park * Rather than focusing on providing the necessary and sufficient conditions for a concept or an event or on conscious experience and introspection, Thagard embraces what he calls the "three analysis" method * i.e., providing exemplars, typical features, and explanations. He applies this methodology extensively throughout the text to philosophical questions related to such topics as mind, knowledge, reality, morality, meaning, and beauty. Though this strategy "does not yield answers that reign with unchallengeable certainty," as Thagard writes in chapter 1, it does provide answersor, better, hypotheses that are consistent with a metaphysics based in scientific realism and an epistemology based in reliable coherentism."

Choice *

List of Illustrations
xi
Foreword xiii
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
1 Philosophy Matters
1(24)
Why Philosophy?
1(2)
What Is Philosophy?
3(2)
Issues and Alternatives: Ways of Philosophizing
5(7)
Elements of Natural Philosophy
12(7)
Overview of This Book
19(2)
Summary and Discussion
21(2)
Notes
23(1)
Project
24(1)
2 Mind
25(33)
Mental Processes
25(2)
Issues and Alternatives
27(2)
Neural Mechanisms
29(2)
Semantic Pointers
31(9)
Inference to the Best Explanation to Multilevel Materialism
40(2)
Philosophical Objections
42(5)
Consciousness
47(7)
Summary and Discussion
54(2)
Notes
56(1)
Project
57(1)
3 Knowledge
58(34)
Minds and Knowledge
58(1)
Issues and Alternatives
59(2)
What Is Knowledge?
61(4)
The Growth of Knowledge
65(5)
Justification
70(8)
Probability
78(4)
Knowledge Is Social
82(3)
Conceptual Change and the Brain Revolution
85(3)
Summary and Discussion
88(1)
Notes
89(2)
Project
91(1)
4 Reality
92(26)
Make Reality Great Again
92(1)
Issues and Alternatives
93(1)
Existence
94(10)
Truth
104(2)
Space and Time
106(4)
Groups and Society
110(4)
Summary and Discussion
114(2)
Notes
116(1)
Project
117(1)
5 Explanation
118(29)
Knowledge Meets Reality
118(1)
Issues and Alternatives
119(1)
Styles of Explanation
120(10)
Emotional and Social Aspects of Explanation
130(2)
Causality
132(8)
Reduction and Emergence
140(4)
Summary and Discussion
144(1)
Notes
145(1)
Project
146(1)
6 Morality
147(35)
Right and Wrong
147(1)
Issues and Alternatives
148(2)
Values
150(4)
Moral Emotions
154(2)
Objective Values and Rational Emotions
156(1)
Needs
157(6)
The Needs of Others
163(5)
Empathy
168(3)
Conflicting Needs and Ethical Coherence
171(3)
Why Is There Evil?
174(2)
Summary and Discussion
176(3)
Notes
179(2)
Project
181(1)
7 Justice
182(25)
From Morality to Justice
182(2)
Issues and Alternatives
184(2)
Just Societies: Needs Sufficiency
186(6)
Just Governments
192(5)
Just Social Change
197(3)
Basic Income
200(2)
Summary and Discussion
202(3)
Notes
205(1)
Project
206(1)
8 Meaning
207(21)
Life and Language
207(2)
Issues and Alternatives
209(1)
Language and Mental Representation
210(3)
The Meanings of Life
213(9)
The Meaning of Death
222(2)
Summary and Discussion
224(2)
Notes
226(1)
Project
227(1)
9 Beauty and Beyond
228(33)
Aesthetics
228(2)
Issues and Alternatives
230(3)
Beauty in Painting
233(5)
Other Emotions in Painting
238(4)
Creativity in Painting
242(3)
Beauty in Music
245(2)
Other Emotions in Music
247(5)
Creativity in Music
252(1)
Empathy in Literature and Film
253(1)
Summary and Discussion
254(4)
Notes
258(2)
Project
260(1)
10 Future Philosophy
261(34)
Looking Backwards and Forwards
261(3)
Free Will
264(8)
Mathematical Knowledge and Reality
272(14)
Nonhumans: Animals and Machines
286(3)
Summary and Discussion
289(2)
Conclusion: 12 Rules for Philosophical Life
291(1)
Notes
292(1)
Project
293(2)
References 295(16)
Name Index 311(8)
Subject Index 319
Paul Thagard is a distinguished philosopher and cognitive scientist who has written many books, including The Brain and the Meaning of Life (Princeton University Press, 2010) and The Cognitive Science of Science (MIT Press, 2012). He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, the Cognitive Science Society, and the Association for Psychological Science.