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E-grāmata: Natural Stone and World Heritage: The Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd

(University College London, England)
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Natural Stone and World Heritage: The Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in GwyneddPalielināt
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"This book is about the stone used to build the castles of Edward I in North West Wales. It provides a description of the available geological resources and the building materials used in the construction of Caernarfon, Conwy, Harlech and Beaumaris Castles. It takes a broad view of this subject, placing the stone used in the castles in the context of both earlier and later buildings across the region of study, from the Neolithic up until the present day"--

This book is about the stone used to build the castles of Edward I in North West Wales. It describes the available geological resources and the building materials used in the construction of Caernarfon, Conwy, Harlech and Beaumaris Castles. It places the stone used in the castles in the context of buildings, from the Neolithic to the present day.
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
Author xvii
List of abbreviations and acronyms used in the text
xix
1 Introduction
1(10)
2 Regional geology, building stones and quarries in North West Wales
11(70)
2.1 Introduction
11(2)
2.2 A history of geological research
13(3)
2.3 The Precambrian rocks of Anglesey
16(4)
2.4 The Neoproterozoic to Cambrian rocks of the mainland
20(8)
2.4.1 Llanberis Slate Formation
22(6)
2.5 Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in the Harlech Dome
28(2)
2.6 Ordovician Strata
30(9)
2.6.1 The Mawddach and Nant Ffrancon Groups
30(4)
2.6.2 The slate quarries of Blaenau-Ffestiniog
34(1)
2.6.3 The Middle Ordovician Strata of Anglesey
35(1)
2.6.4 Caradoc volcanic rocks and slates
36(3)
2.6.5 Conwy Castle Grits
39(1)
2.7 Silurian and Devonian
39(2)
2.8 The Carboniferous rocks of Anglesey and the mainland
41(13)
2.8.1 The Basement Beds
42(4)
2.8.2 Clwyd Limestone Group
46(4)
2.8.3 Warwickshire Group
50(3)
2.8.4 Gloddaeth Purple Sandstone
53(1)
2.9 Intrusive igneous rocks
54(13)
2.9.1 The Neoproterozoic granites: Twthill and Coedana Granites
55(1)
2.9.2 Penmaenmawr Granodiorite
56(2)
2.9.3 The intrusive igneous rocks of Snowdonia
58(2)
2.9.4 The Nefyn Cluster and Nanhoron Intrusions of the Llyn Peninsula
60(7)
2.10 Pleistocene and Quaternary deposits
67(2)
2.11 Stone from outside the region
69(9)
2.11.1 Merionethshire Slate and other Welsh slates
69(1)
2.11.2 Carboniferous and Permo-Triassic Sandstones
69(1)
2.11.2.1 Millstone Grit
70(1)
2.11.2.2 York Stone and other Coal Measures sandstones
71(2)
2.11.2.3 The Cheshire sandstones
73(2)
2.11.3 English Jurassic limestones
75(2)
2.11.4 English Alabaster
77(1)
2.11.5 Imported igneous and metamorphic rocks
77(1)
2.12 Ballast
78(3)
3 North West Wales before Edward I
81(52)
3.1 Introduction
81(1)
3.2 Stone building in the Neolithic Period
82(5)
3.3 Neolithic industry: stone tools
87(2)
3.4 The Bronze Age
89(2)
3.5 Bronze Age industry
91(2)
3.6 The Iron Age
93(4)
3.7 The Roman occupation
97(14)
3.7.1 Canovium
99(1)
3.7.2 Segontium
99(8)
3.7.3 Tomen-y-Mur
107(1)
3.7.4 Small Roman forts and Romano-British settlements
108(3)
3.8 Iron Age and Roman industry
111(1)
3.9 The early Christian to Norman Periods
111(11)
3.9.1 Early churches
116(4)
3.9.1.1 Penmon Priory
120(2)
3.10 The early Medieval castles
122(9)
3.10.1 Dolwyddelan Castle
124(2)
3.10.2 Dolbadarn Castle
126(1)
3.10.3 Deganwy Castle
127(2)
3.10.4 Criccieth Castle
129(2)
3.11 The last King of Gwynedd
131(2)
4 The castles and town walls of Edward I
133(66)
4.1 Introduction
133(3)
4.2 Building castles and castle builders
136(6)
4.3 Caernarfon Castle and town walls
142(29)
4.3.1 Caernarfon Castle
142(21)
4.3.2 Caernarfon town walls
163(8)
4.4 Harlech Castle
171(7)
4.5 Conwy Castle and town walls
178(9)
4.5.1 Conwy Castle
178(7)
4.5.2 Conwy town walls
185(2)
4.6 Beaumaris Castle
187(9)
4.7 Concluding remarks
196(3)
5 Building the towns of North West Wales: churches, civic centres and manor houses
199(70)
5.1 Historic building in North West Wales in the 14th to 17th centuries
199(8)
5.2 New castles of the 18th and 19th centuries
207(10)
5.2.1 Fort Belan
208(1)
5.2.2 The Vaynol Estate
208(2)
5.2.3 Plas Newydd
210(2)
5.2.4 The Glynllifon Estate
212(1)
5.2.5 Penrhyn Castle
213(4)
5.3 Eighteenth and nineteenth century towns
217(7)
5.3.1 The coming of the railways
217(2)
5.3.2 Building bridges
219(2)
5.3.3 The railways bring new stones
221(2)
5.3.4 Slate steps up to the challenge
223(1)
5.4 North Welsh weather and natural stone
224(1)
5.5 Modern building: a return to Welsh stone
225(1)
5.6 The towns of North Wales: natural stone and local character
226(33)
5.6.1 Bangor
226(6)
5.6.2 Beaumaris
232(7)
5.6.3 Caernarfon
239(12)
5.6.4 Conwy
251(6)
5.6.5 Harlech
257(2)
5.7 The slate ports
259(5)
5.7.1 Porthmadog
259(3)
5.7.2 Y Felinheli/Port Dinorwic
262(2)
5.8 A final note on gravestones and memorials
264(5)
6 The building stones of North West Wales: a final word
269(8)
Gazetteer of sites mentioned in the text 277(4)
References 281(16)
Index 297
Ruth Siddall was a lecturer/senior lecturer in Geology at UCL from 1996 to 2013 and currently works in the area of student experience for the Office of the Vice-Provost for Education and Student Affairs (OVPESA) at UCL. She has been working for over 30 years on the applications of geological knowledge and techniques to further the understanding of materiality in cultural heritage, in research fields ranging from prehistoric, Classical and Medieval archaeology to Egyptology. She is also involved in the studying and archiving of building materials used in British cities, both historically and at present day. She was awarded the Halstead Medal by the Geologists Association in May 2019.
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