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NCLEX-PN Exam Cram 5th edition [Multiple-component retail product, shrink-wrapped]

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  • Formāts: Multiple-component retail product, shrink-wrapped, 608 pages, height x width x depth: 100x100x100 mm, weight: 100 g, Contains 1 Paperback / softback and 1 Miscellaneous print
  • Sērija : Exam Cram
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-May-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Pearson IT Certification
  • ISBN-10: 0789758334
  • ISBN-13: 9780789758330
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  • Formāts: Multiple-component retail product, shrink-wrapped, 608 pages, height x width x depth: 100x100x100 mm, weight: 100 g, Contains 1 Paperback / softback and 1 Miscellaneous print
  • Sērija : Exam Cram
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-May-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Pearson IT Certification
  • ISBN-10: 0789758334
  • ISBN-13: 9780789758330
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Covers exactly what you need to know to score higher on your NCLEX-PN® exam 400 sample test questions help you gain confidence and decide when youre ready to take the actual exam Includes the popular Cram Sheet tearcard to help you remember key concepts and do extra last-minute Exam Alerts identify important information found on the exam Simplifies key medication aide concepts and techniques for easy learning







Covers the critical information youll need to know to score higher on your NCLEX-PN exam!





Discover how the NCLEX-PN exam works, and how best to prepare for it

Understand essential disease processes, treatments, and diagnostic studies Care for clients with respiratory, genitourinary, hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, endocrine, cardiovascular, neurological, and many other disorders Serve maternal, infant, and pediatric clients Provide compassionate and effective psychiatric care Consider cultural, religious, and legal concerns associated with client care Review all stages of the nursing process: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation Address client needs for a safe, effective-care environment; health promotion and maintenance; and psychosocial and physiological integrity
Introduction xxi
Welcome to the NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram
xxi
Taking the Computerized Adaptive Test
xxii
The Cost of the Exam
xxii
How to Prepare for the Exam
xxiii
How to Use This Book
xxiii
About the Book
xxv
Contact the Authors
xxv
Self-Assessment
xxv
Companion Website
xxvi
Accessing the Pearson Test Prep Software and Questions
xxvii
Self-Assessment 1(2)
Testing Your Exam Readiness
2(1)
Chapter 1 Preparing for the National Council Exam for Licensed Practical Nurses 3(10)
Preparing for the Exam
4(5)
The Computer Adaptive Test
4(1)
Testing Strategies
5(1)
Reading the Question Carefully
6(1)
Look for Keywords
6(1)
Watch for Specific Details
6(3)
Exam Prep Questions
9(2)
Answer Rationales
11(2)
Chapter 2 Simplifying Pharmacology 13(28)
Pharmacology
14(1)
Three Areas of Pharmacology
14(1)
How Nurses Work with Pharmacology
15(3)
Time-Released Drugs
16(1)
Administering Medications
17(1)
Understanding and Identifying the Various Drugs
18(16)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
18(1)
Beta Adrenergic Blockers
19(1)
Anti-Infectives (Aminoglycosides)
20(2)
Benzodiazepines (Anticonvulsants/Antianxiety)
22(2)
Phenothiazines (Antipsychotic/Antiemetic)
24(1)
Glucocorticoids
25(1)
Antivirals
26(2)
Cholesterol-Lowering Agents
28(1)
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
29(1)
Histamine 2 Antagonists
30(1)
Proton Pump Inhibitors
31(1)
Anticoagulants
32(1)
More Drug Identification Helpers
33(1)
Herbals
34(1)
Drug Schedules
35(1)
Pregnancy Categories for Drugs
35(1)
Exam Prep Questions
36(2)
Answer Rationales
38(2)
Suggested Reading and Resources
40(1)
Chapter 3 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Respiratory System 41(16)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
42(2)
Chronic Bronchitis
42(1)
Emphysema
42(1)
Asthma
43(1)
Acute Respiratory Infections
44(4)
Pneumonia
44(1)
Pleurisy
45(1)
Tuberculosis
46(1)
Influenza
47(1)
Acute Respiratory Failure
48(2)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
48(1)
Pulmonary Embolus
48(2)
Emerging Infections
50(2)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
50(1)
Legionnaire's Disease
51(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
52(1)
Pharmacology Categories for Review
52(1)
Exam Prep Questions
53(2)
Answer Rationales
55(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
56(1)
Chapter 4 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Renal and Genitourinary System 57(16)
Acute Glomerulonephritis
58(1)
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
59(1)
End Stage Renal Disease
60(1)
Peritoneal Dialysis
60(1)
Hemodialysis
60(1)
Renal Transplantation
61(1)
Nephrotic Syndrome
61(1)
Urinary Calculi
62(1)
Urinary Tract Infections
63(1)
Genitourinary Disorders
63(1)
Prostatitis
64(1)
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
64(2)
Bladder Cancer
66(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
67(1)
Pharmacology Categories for Review
67(1)
Exam Prep Questions
68(2)
Answer Rationales
70(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
71(2)
Chapter 5 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Hematopoietic System 73(12)
Anemia
74(3)
Pernicious Anemia
74(1)
Aplastic Anemia
75(1)
Sickle Cell Anemia
76(1)
Iron Deficiency Anemia
77(1)
Cooley's Anemia (Thalassemia Major)
77(1)
Hemophilia
77(1)
Polycythemia Vera
78(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
79(1)
Pharmacology for Review
79(1)
Exam Prep Questions
80(2)
Answer Rationales
82(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
83(2)
Chapter 6 Caring for the Client with Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Acid/Base Balance 85(16)
Basic Knowledge of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
86(1)
Regulation of pH and Its Effect on Fluid and Electrolytes
87(1)
How the Body Regulates pH
87(1)
Metabolic Acidosis
87(2)
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
87(1)
Symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis
88(1)
Care of the Client with Metabolic Acidosis
88(1)
Respiratory Acidosis
89(2)
Causes of Respiratory Acidosis
89(1)
Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis
90(1)
Caring for the Client with Respiratory Acidosis
90(1)
Metabolic Alkalosis
91(1)
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis
91(1)
Symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis
91(1)
Caring for the Client with Metabolic Alkalosis
92(1)
Respiratory Alkalosis
92(1)
Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis
92(1)
Care of the Client with Respiratory Alkalosis
93(1)
Normal Electrolyte Values
93(1)
Changes Associated with Aging
94(2)
Exam Prep Questions
96(2)
Answer Rationales
98(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
99(2)
Chapter 7 Caring for the Client with Burns 101(18)
Burn Classifications
102(3)
Burn Measurement with TBSA
104(1)
Nursing Care for Burn Victims
105(7)
The Resuscitative (Emergent) Phase
106(4)
The Acute (Intermediate) Phase
110(1)
Dressings for Burns
111(1)
The Rehabilitative Phase
112(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
112(1)
Pharmacology Categories for Review
112(2)
Exam Prep Questions
114(2)
Answer Rationales
116(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
117(2)
Chapter 8 Caring for the Client with Sensorineural Disorders 119(18)
Disorders of the Eyes
120(7)
Intraocular Disorders
120(3)
Retinal Disorders
123(2)
Refractive Errors
125(1)
Traumatic Injuries
126(1)
Visual Tests for Review
127(1)
Pharmacology Categories for Review
127(1)
Ear Disorders
127(3)
Otitis Externa
128(1)
Otitis Media
128(1)
Meniere's Disease
128(1)
Otosclerosis
129(1)
Presbycusis
129(1)
Ear Trauma
130(1)
Assisting Clients with Hearing Loss
130(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
130(1)
Pharmacology Categories for Review
131(1)
Exam Prep Questions
132(2)
Answer Rationales
134(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
135(2)
Chapter 9 Caring for the Client with Cancer 137(18)
Cancer
138(3)
American Cancer Society's Seven Warning Signs of Cancer
138(1)
The Four Major Categories of Cancer
138(1)
Risk Factors for Specific Cancers
139(1)
Cancer Prevention
140(1)
Patient Teaching
141(1)
Management of the Client with Cancer
141(4)
Radiation
142(1)
Chemotherapy
143(2)
Bone Marrow Transplantation and Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT)
145(2)
Types of Transplants
145(1)
Nursing Care After Transplantation
146(1)
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
147(1)
Diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
147(1)
Prognosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
148(1)
Treatment of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
148(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
148(1)
Pharmacology for Review
149(2)
Exam Prep Questions
151(2)
Answer Rationales
153(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
154(1)
Chapter 10 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System 155(28)
Ulcers
156(3)
Types of Ulcers
156(1)
Treatment of Ulcers
157(2)
Inflammatory Bowel Disorders
159(2)
Crohn's Disease (Regional Enteritis)
159(1)
Ulcerative Colitis
160(1)
Diverticulitis
161(1)
Diagnosis of Diverticulitis
161(1)
Treatment of Diverticulitis
161(1)
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
162(1)
Diseases Associated with the Liver
163(9)
Hepatitis
163(5)
Cirrhosis
168(2)
Pancreatitis
170(2)
Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis
172(2)
Symptoms of Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis
172(1)
Diagnosis of Cholecystitis/Cholethiasis
173(1)
Treatment of Cholecystitis
173(1)
Treatment of Cholethiasis
173(1)
Clostridium Difficile
174(1)
Food-Borne Illnesses
175(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
176(1)
Pharmacology for Review
176(2)
Exam Prep Questions
178(2)
Answer Rationales
180(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
181(2)
Chapter 11 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 183(22)
Fractures
184(5)
Treating Fractures
184(3)
Compartment Syndrome
187(1)
Osteomyelitis
188(1)
Osteoporosis
189(1)
Treatment of Osteoporosis
190(1)
Gout
190(1)
Treatment of the Client with Gout
191(1)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
191(2)
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
192(1)
Musculoskeletal Surgical Procedures
193(3)
Fractured Hip and Hip Replacement
193(1)
Total Knee Replacement
194(1)
Amputations
195(1)
Assistive Devices for Ambulation
196(2)
Crutches
197(1)
Canes
197(1)
Walkers
198(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
198(1)
Pharmacology for Review
199(2)
Exam Prep Questions
201(2)
Answer Rationales
203(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
204(1)
Chapter 12 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Endocrine System 205(20)
The Endocrine System
206(1)
Pituitary Disorders
206(3)
Tumors of the Pituitary
207(2)
Thyroid Disorders
209(3)
Hypothyroidism
209(1)
Hyperthyroidism
210(2)
Parathyroid Disorders
212(2)
Hypoparathyroidism
212(1)
Hyperparathyroidism
213(1)
Adrenal Gland Disorders
214(1)
Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison's Disease)
214(1)
Adrenocortical Hypersecretion (Cushing's Syndrome) or Cushing's Disease
215(1)
Diabetes Mellitus
215(4)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
219(1)
Pharmacology Categories for Review
219(1)
Exam Prep Questions
220(2)
Answer Rationales
222(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
223(2)
Chapter 13 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Cardiovascular System 225(20)
Hypertension
226(1)
Medications Used to Treat Hypertension
227(1)
Heart Block
227(3)
Toxicity to Medications
229(1)
Malfunction of the Conduction System
229(1)
Myocardial Infarction
230(5)
Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction
231(1)
Management of Myocardial Infarction Clients
232(3)
Inflammatory Diseases of the Heart
235(1)
Infective Endocarditis
235(1)
Pericarditis
235(1)
Buerger's Disease
236(1)
Thrombophlebitis
236(1)
Raynaud's Syndrome
237(1)
Aneurysms
237(1)
Congestive Heart Failure
238(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
238(1)
Pharmacology Categories for Review
239(1)
Exam Prep Questions
240(2)
Answer Rationales
242(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
243(2)
Chapter 14 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Neurological System 245(24)
Seizures
246(3)
Types of Seizures
246(2)
Treatment of Seizure Clients
248(1)
Status Epilepticus
249(1)
Brain Injuries
249(2)
Epidural Hematomas
250(1)
Subdural Hematoma
250(1)
Treatment of Epidural and Subdural Hematomas
250(1)
Increased Intracranial Pressure
251(2)
Treatment of ICP
253(1)
Neurological Assessment
253(3)
Cranial Nerve Assessment
254(1)
Glasgow Coma Scale
255(1)
Intracranial Pressure Monitors
256(1)
Care of the Client with Intracranial Surgery (Craniotomy)
256(1)
Cerebrovascular Accident/Stroke
257(1)
Spinal Cord Injury
258(3)
Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries
259(1)
Potential Complications with SCI Clients
260(1)
Guillain-Barre
261(1)
Treating Clients with Guillian-Barre
261(1)
Degenerative Neurological Disorders
261(2)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
263(1)
Pharmacology for Review
263(2)
Exam Prep Questions
265(2)
Answer Rationales
267(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
268(1)
Chapter 15 Caring for the Client with Psychiatric Disorders 269(28)
Anxiety Disorders
270(2)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
271(1)
Panic Disorder
271(1)
Specific Phobia
271(1)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
272(1)
Trauma-Related Disorders
272(1)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
273(1)
Dissociative Disorders
273(1)
Dissociative Identity Disorder
274(1)
Somatic Disorder
274(1)
Personality Disorders
274(4)
Paranoid Personality Disorder
275(1)
Schizoid Personality Disorder
275(1)
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
275(1)
Histrionic Personality Disorder
276(1)
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
276(1)
Antisocial Personality Disorder
276(1)
Borderline Personality Disorder
277(1)
Avoidant Personality Disorder
277(1)
Dependent Personality Disorder
277(1)
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
277(1)
Managing Clients with Personality Disorders
278(1)
Psychotic Disorders
278(5)
Schizophrenia
278(3)
Bipolar Disorders
281(2)
Substance Abuse
283(5)
Alcoholism
283(3)
Other Commonly Abused Substances
286(2)
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
288(3)
Disruptive, Control, and Conduct Disorders
288(1)
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
289(1)
Eating Disorders
290(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
291(1)
Pharmacology Categories for Review
291(1)
Exam Prep Questions
292(2)
Answer Rationales
294(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
295(2)
Chapter 16 Caring for the Maternal/Infant Client 297(28)
Signs of Pregnancy
298(1)
Presumptive Signs
298(1)
Probable Signs
298(1)
Positive Signs
299(1)
Prenatal Care
299(2)
Prenatal Diet and Weight Maintenance
299(1)
Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening
299(1)
Other Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
300(1)
Assessing Fetal Heart Tones
301(1)
Ultrasonography
301(1)
Signs of Complications of Pregnancy
301(1)
Types of Abortions
302(1)
Complications Affecting Pregnancy
303(3)
Diabetes in Pregnancy
303(1)
Preeclampsia
304(1)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
305(1)
Cord Prolapse
305(1)
Abruptio Placenta
305(1)
Placenta Previa
305(1)
Maternal Infections
306(2)
Preterm Labor
308(1)
Intrapartal Care
309(2)
Stages of Labor
309(1)
Phases of Labor
310(1)
Important Terms You Should Know
310(1)
Prelabor Testing
311(1)
Fetal Monitoring
312(2)
Pharmacologic Management of Labor
314(1)
Postpartum Care
315(1)
Terms Associated with the Normal Newborn
315(1)
Rh Incompatibility
316(1)
Contraception
317(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
318(1)
Pharmacology Categories for Review
319(1)
Exam Prep Questions
320(2)
Answer Rationales
322(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources
323(2)
Chapter 17 Caring for the Pediatric Client 325(36)
Growth and Development
326(5)
Infant (28 Days to 1 Year)
326(2)
Toddler (1-3 Years)
328(1)
Preschooler (3-5 Years)
329(1)
School Age (6-12 Years)
330(1)
Adolescence (12-18 Years)
331(1)
Congenital Anomalies
331(11)
Anomalies of the Gastrointestinal System
332(4)
Anomalies of the Musculoskeltal System
336(2)
Anomalies of the Cardiovascular System
338(3)
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
341(1)
Respiratory Disorders
342(5)
Acute Otitis Media
343(1)
Tonsillitis
344(1)
Laryngotracheobronchitis
345(1)
Acute Epiglottitis
345(1)
Bronchiolitis
346(1)
Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)
347(1)
Gastrointestinal Disorders
347(2)
Gastroenteritis
348(1)
Pyloric Stenosis
348(1)
Intussusception
348(1)
Celiac Disease (Gluten-Induced Enteropathy, Celiac Sprue)
349(1)
Cardiovascular Disorders
349(3)
Rheumatic Fever
349(1)
Kawasaki Disease (Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome)
350(2)
Musculoskeletal Disorders
352(2)
Scoliosis
352(1)
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (Coxa Plana)
353(1)
Muscular Dystrophies
353(1)
Childhood Cancer
354(1)
Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
354(1)
Leukemia
354(1)
Osteogenic Sarcoma (Osteosarcoma)
354(1)
Ingestion of Hazardous Substances
355(1)
Salicylate Overdose
355(1)
Acetaminophen Overdose
355(1)
Lead Poisoning (Plumbism)
355(1)
Iron Poisoning
356(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Review
356(1)
Pharmacology Categories for Review
357(1)
Exam Prep Questions
358(2)
Answer Rationales
360(1)
Suggested Reading and Resources 361(2)
Practice Exam 1 363(44)
Answers to Practice Exam 1 407(22)
Answer Rationales
410(19)
Practice Exam 2 429(42)
Answers to Practice Exam 2 471(22)
Answer Rationales
474(19)
Appendix A Things You Forgot 493(8)
Therapeutic Drug Levels
493(1)
Vital Signs
493(1)
Anticoagulant Therapy
494(1)
Intrapartal Normal Values
494(1)
Standard Precautions
495(1)
Airborne Precautions
496(1)
Droplet Precautions
496(1)
Contact Precautions
496(1)
Revised Life Support Guidelines (American Heart Association)
496(1)
Defense Mechanisms
497(1)
Nutrition Notes
497(2)
Immunization Schedule
499(2)
Appendix B Need to Know More? 501(8)
Pharmacology
501(1)
Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Respiratory System
501(1)
Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Renal and Genitourinary System
502(1)
Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Hematopoietic System
502(1)
Caring for the Client with Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Acid/Base Balance
503(1)
Caring for the Client with Burns
503(1)
Caring for the Client with Sensorineural Disorders
503(1)
Caring for the Client with Cancer
504(1)
Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System
504(1)
Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
505(1)
Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Endocrine System
505(1)
Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
506(1)
Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Neurological System
506(1)
Caring for the Client with Psychiatric Disorders
507(1)
Caring for the Maternal/Infant Client
507(1)
Caring for the Pediatric Client
507(1)
Cultural Practices Influencing Nursing Care
508(1)
Legal Issues in Nursing Practice
508(1)
Appendix C Calculations 509(2)
The Apothecary System of Measurement
509(1)
The Household System of Measurement
509(1)
Metric Measurements
510(1)
Test Your Math Skills
510(1)
Answers 511(2)
Glossary 513(20)
Index 533
Wilda Rinehart Gardner received an Associate Degree in Nursing from Northeast MississippiCommunity College in Booneville, Mississippi. After working as a staff nurse and charge nurse, she became a public health nurse and served in that capacity for a number of years. In 1975, she received her nurse practitioner certification in the area of obstetrics-gynecology from the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi. In 1979, she completed her Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing from Mississippi University for Women. In 1980, she completed her Master of Science degree in Nursing from the same university and accepted a faculty position at Northeast Mississippi Community College, where she taught medical-surgical nursing and maternal-newborn nursing. In 1982, she founded Rinehart and Associates Nursing Consultants. For the past 26 years, she and her associates have worked with nursing graduates and schools of nursing to assist graduates to pass the National Council Licensure Exam for Nursing. She has also worked as a curriculum consultant with faculty to improve test construction. Ms. Rinehart has served as a convention speaker throughout the southeastern United States and as a reviewer of medical-surgical and obstetric texts. She has co-authored materials used in seminars presented by Rinehart and Associates Nursing Review.







Dr. Diann Sloan received an Associate Degree in Nursing from Northeast Mississippi Community College, a Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing from the University of Mississippi, and a Master of Science degree in Nursing from Mississippi University for Women. In addition to her nursing degrees, she holds a Master of Science in Counseling Psychology from Georgia State University and a Doctor of Philosophy in Counselor Education, with minors in both Psychology and Educational Psychology, from Mississippi State University. She has completed additional graduate studies in healthcare administration at Western New England College and the University of Mississippi. Dr. Sloan has taught pediatric nursing, psychiatric mental health nursing, and medical-surgical nursing in both associate degree and baccalaureate nursing programs. As a member of Rinehart and Associates Nursing Review, Dr. Sloan has conducted test construction workshops for faculty and nursing review seminars for both registered and practical nurse graduates. She has co-authored materials used in the item-writing workshops for nursing faculty and Rinehart and Associates Nursing Review. She is a member of Sigma Theta Tau nursing honor society.







Clara Hurd received an Associate Degree in Nursing from Northeast Mississippi Community College in Booneville, Mississippi (1975). Her experiences in nursing are clinically based, having served as a staff nurse in medical-surgical nursing. She has worked as an oncology, intensive care, orthopedic, neurological, and pediatric nurse. She received her Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing from the University of North Alabama in Florence, Alabama, and her Master of Science degree in Nursing from the Mississippi University for Women in Columbus, Mississippi. She currently serves as a nurse educator consultant and an independent contractor. Ms. Hurd has taught in both associate degree and baccalaureate degree nursing programs. She was a faculty member of Mississippi University for Women; Austin Peay State University in Clarksville, Tennessee; Tennessee State University in Nashville, Tennessee; and Northeast Mississippi Community College. Ms. Hurd joined Rinehart and Associates in 1993. She has worked with students in preparing for the National Council Licensure Exam and with faculty as a consultant in writing test items. Ms. Hurd has also been a presenter at nursing conventions on various topics, including item-writing for nursing faculty. Her primary professional goal is to prepare the student and graduate for excellence in the delivery of healthcare.