| Contributors |
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xiii | |
| About the Editors |
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xvii | |
| Preface |
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xix | |
| Introduction |
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xxi | |
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3 | (1) |
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C. elegans lends itself to a wide range of experimental approaches |
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3 | (6) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (6) |
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Rhythm and pattern generation |
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17 | (1) |
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Analogy to other systems and framework of comparison |
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18 | (1) |
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Locomotion of the first-stage larva |
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19 | (1) |
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Completeness and compactness, maps and hope |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (10) |
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2 Small steps and larger strides in understanding the neural bases of crawling in the medicinal leech |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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The centrally generated crawl motor pattern |
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33 | (1) |
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Role of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in locomotor selection |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Intersegmental coordination, the cephalic cell R3b-1, and the CV motoneuron |
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36 | (4) |
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The chronic loss of cephalic inputs and the ability to recover coordinated crawling |
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40 | (1) |
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Homeostatic plasticity and a new dependence on peripheral information |
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40 | (1) |
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Remodeling of the stretch receptors during crawl recovery |
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41 | (1) |
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Principles of flexible locomotor organization and action selection |
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42 | (1) |
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The reconfiguration of locomotor networks and lessons for spinal cord injury |
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43 | (1) |
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The next chapter of the leech model: A new, bigger, and better tool kit |
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44 | (1) |
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Inspiring new neural recording techniques |
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45 | (1) |
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The leech and new device-related neuromodulation technologies |
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46 | (2) |
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The leech as an inspiration for the design of biomimetic robots |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (8) |
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3 Studying the neural basis of animal walking in the stick insect |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (4) |
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Insights into the neural basis of motor control based on research on the stick insect |
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62 | (2) |
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Task dependence in locomotion |
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64 | (1) |
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Forward and backward walking |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Managing unpredictable environment--How to select the appropriate kind of leg movement |
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66 | (1) |
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Conclusions for future research |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (6) |
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4 Neural control of flight in locusts |
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75 | (4) |
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79 | (2) |
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Central pattern generation |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (8) |
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5 Neural control of swimming in lampreys |
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99 | (5) |
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Important discoveries made in lampreys relative to the control of locomotion |
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104 | (1) |
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The role of excitatory amino acid receptors in generating locomotion |
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105 | (1) |
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04 Uncovering the Central Pattern Generator for locomotion in an adult vertebrate |
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106 | (19) |
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Detailing the outputs and inputs of the multifunctional MLR |
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106 | (5) |
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The neural substrate for transforming an olfactory stimulus into a locomotor command |
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111 | (1) |
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From lampreys to humans: An amazing conservation through evolution |
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112 | (1) |
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The lamprey as a model for regeneration and recuperation of locomotor function |
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113 | (1) |
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Conclusions and perspectives |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (10) |
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6 Toward a comprehensive model of circuits underlying locomotion: What did we learn from zebrafish? |
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125 | (2) |
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Advantages of using zebrafish as a research model to investigate locomotor circuits |
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127 | (3) |
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Molecular and cellular control of locomotor activity: Seeing through the functional diversity of spinal neurons |
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130 | (1) |
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Motor neurons come in two gears: Fast or slow |
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130 | (2) |
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Premotor interneurons: Many players for a common goal |
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132 | (4) |
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A new twist on sensory feedback: Modulation of speed-controlling microcircuits by mechanosensory neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system |
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136 | (4) |
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Stereotyped organization of interneurons in the hindbrain |
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140 | (1) |
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Anatomical identification of individually recognizable reticulospinal neurons |
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140 | (1) |
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Functional investigations reveal a specialization of reticulospinal neurons as a function of the locomotor pattern |
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141 | (1) |
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Linking birth date with function in descending command neurons |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (10) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (9) |
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7 Neural control of swimming in hatchling Xenopus frog tadpoles |
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Keith T. Sillarand Wen-Chang Li |
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153 | (2) |
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Sensory systems and the initiation of swimming (swimming decision-making) |
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155 | (2) |
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Swimming rhythm generation (deciphering the swim CPG) |
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157 | (1) |
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Properties and role of excitatory dINs |
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158 | (1) |
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Role of inhibition from cINs |
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159 | (1) |
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Role of inhibition from aINs |
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160 | (1) |
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Sensory termination of swimming |
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160 | (1) |
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Autonomous mechanisms regulating swim episode duration |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Na+ pump-dependent short-term motor memory |
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161 | (2) |
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Motor pattern switching between swimming and struggling |
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163 | (1) |
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Postembryonic development |
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164 | (3) |
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Neuromodulation and metamodulation |
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167 | (1) |
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The biogenic amines: Acute effects |
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167 | (1) |
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Ontogenic effects of 5-HT |
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168 | (1) |
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Metamodulation by nitric oxide |
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169 | (1) |
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Conclusions and future prospects |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (4) |
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8 Xenopus frog metamorphosis: A model for studying locomotor network development and neuromodulation |
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Historical perspectives on metamorphosis and locomotion |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (2) |
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An evolutionary-developmental perspective |
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178 | (1) |
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Locomotor system remodeling during metamorphosis |
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179 | (4) |
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Comparison with mammalian locomotor system development |
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183 | (2) |
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Other neuronal changes accompanying locomotor circuit remodeling |
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185 | (2) |
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Comparison with other metamorphosing locomotor systems |
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187 | (1) |
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Neuromodulation, metamodulation, and locomotor CPG circuit development |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (3) |
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192 | (1) |
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Developmental changes in other locomotor-related systems during metamorphosis |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (8) |
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9 The turtle as a model for spinal motor circuits |
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205 | (1) |
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Experimental model and historical overview |
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206 | (1) |
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What has the turtle taught us about the circuits for locomotor control? |
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207 | (1) |
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Organization: Modular and distributed |
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208 | (1) |
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Multifunctional and dedicated neurons coexist |
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209 | (1) |
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Synaptic excitation and inhibition: Balanced versus reciprocal |
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210 | (1) |
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Cellular response properties |
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210 | (2) |
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Population activity and motor behaviors |
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212 | (2) |
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Challenges using the turtle as a model |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (6) |
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10 Development of the locomotor system --Chick embryo |
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221 | (1) |
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Development of the locomotor system |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Molecular specification of spinal neurons |
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223 | (2) |
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Naturally occurring cell death |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Embryonic movements in the chick as precursors to locomotion |
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226 | (2) |
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Spontaneous network activity in the isolated spinal cord preparation |
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228 | (1) |
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Homeostatic control of embryonic movements and spinal SNA |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (5) |
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11 Using mouse genetics to study the developing spinal locomotor circuit |
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Louise Thiry Marie Roussel |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (4) |
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241 | (1) |
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From classical approaches to mouse genetics to assess neural control of movement and locomotion |
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241 | (1) |
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How to assess whether a neuronal population is necessary to locomotion? |
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241 | (1) |
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How to assess whether a neuronal population is sufficient to evoke locomotion? |
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242 | (1) |
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How to probe neuronal and network activity during locomotion? |
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243 | (1) |
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What have we learned about the spinal locomotor circuit using mouse genetics? |
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243 | (1) |
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The spinal locomotor circuit |
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243 | (8) |
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Role of peripheral sensory afferents during locomotion |
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251 | (4) |
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Forelimb and hindlimb locomotor coordination |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (10) |
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12 Using mouse genetics to investigate supraspinal pathways of the brain important to locomotion |
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269 | (1) |
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In vitro neonatal brainstem-spinal cord preparations |
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269 | (2) |
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In vivo and in vitro adult decerebrate preparations |
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271 | (1) |
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Body-, head-, and spinal-restrained rodent |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
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From classical approaches to mouse genetics |
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275 | (1) |
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How to assess the necessity of brain circuits to locomotion? |
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275 | (1) |
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How to assess the functional contribution of brain neurons to locomotion? |
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276 | (3) |
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How to probe neuronal and network activity during locomotion? |
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279 | (1) |
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What have we learned about brain locomotor circuits using mouse genetics? |
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280 | (1) |
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Supraspinal descending pathways important to locomotion |
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280 | (1) |
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The motor cortex and corticospinal tract |
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281 | (1) |
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Development of the motor cortex and corticospinal tract upon genetic mutation |
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282 | (1) |
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Conditional mutation for studying developing CST functions |
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282 | (2) |
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Genetic manipulation to promote or monitor CST functions following SCI |
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284 | (1) |
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The red nucleus and rubrospinal tract (RST) |
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285 | (1) |
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The pontomedullary reticular formation (PMRF) and reticulospinal pathways |
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286 | (1) |
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Serotonergic raphe nuclei and parapyramidal region (PPR) |
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286 | (1) |
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Glutamatergic brainstem nuclei |
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286 | (4) |
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Glycinergic/GABAergic brainstem nuclei |
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290 | (1) |
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Midbrain and diencephalic locomotor centers |
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291 | (1) |
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The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) |
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291 | (1) |
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Electrical and pharmacological activation of the MLR |
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291 | (1) |
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Opto- and pharmacogenetic dissection of neuronal MLR populations |
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292 | (3) |
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The Subthalamic locomotor region (SLR) |
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295 | (1) |
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Glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal populations |
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295 | (2) |
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Dopaminergic neuronal populations |
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297 | (1) |
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Modulation and functional connectivity between the SLR and MLR |
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298 | (1) |
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Dopaminergic neuromodulation of MLR nuclei |
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298 | (1) |
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The periaqueductal gray (PAG) as an integrator for relaying SLR inputs to the PMRF and MLR |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (14) |
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13 Fundamental contributions of the cat model to the neural control of locomotion |
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Historical aspects of the cat model |
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315 | (5) |
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Strengths and caveats of the cat model |
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320 | (1) |
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Neural mechanisms controlling locomotion identified in the cat |
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321 | (1) |
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Control of locomotion in the cat by spinal mechanisms |
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321 | (4) |
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Control of locomotion in the cat by somatosensory feedback |
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325 | (6) |
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Control of locomotion in the cat by supraspinal structures or mechanisms |
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331 | (4) |
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Current challenges and questions/approaches moving forward |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (13) |
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14 The micropig model of neurosurgery and spinal cord injury in experiments of motor control |
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The pig in biomedical research |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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The pig brain to model human neurosurgical approaches |
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350 | (1) |
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Pig models for motor control and the advent of porcine SCI models: Porcine vs other large animal models of SCI |
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351 | (4) |
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Key milestones in the development of porcine SCI models |
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355 | (2) |
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Anesthetic management for electrophysiological assessments |
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357 | (6) |
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Management of hypothermia |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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Application of the porcine SCI model to motor control |
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363 | (1) |
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Development and validation of a stereotactic protocol in the Yucatan micropig skull |
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364 | (1) |
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Stereotactic targeting of the MLR |
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365 | (1) |
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Surgical implantation of electrodes and electrophysiological testing |
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366 | (1) |
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What have we learned about the circuits for locomotor control? Testing in unanesthetized animals |
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366 | (3) |
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Locomotion in the uninjured animal as assessed with manual (animal-driven) or motorized treadmills |
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369 | (2) |
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Testing in the SCI animal |
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371 | (1) |
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Descending control of spinal function --Uncertainties and challenges |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (9) |
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15 What lies beneath the brain: Neural circuits involved in human locomotion |
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385 | (1) |
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Neural control of locomotion in nonhuman animals |
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386 | (2) |
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Characteristics of human gait |
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388 | (1) |
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Is bipedalism a defining feature in human evolution? |
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389 | (2) |
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A note on methodologies used to study locomotor circuits in humans |
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391 | (1) |
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Reflexes as a probe to understand the neural control of rhythmic movement |
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392 | (1) |
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Coordinating activity between the legs |
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393 | (1) |
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Coordinating activity between the arms |
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393 | (1) |
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Coordinating activity between the arms and legs |
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394 | (2) |
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Involuntary stepping in neurologically intact humans |
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396 | (1) |
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Spontaneous rhythmic stepping in humans with spinal cord injury |
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397 | (1) |
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Rhythmic stepping induced by spinal cord stimulation humans with spinal cord injury |
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398 | (1) |
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Rhythmic stepping induced by pharmacology humans with spinal cord injury |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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Supraspinal control in human locomotion |
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400 | (4) |
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"Common core" neural control during many rhythmic behaviors |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (2) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (13) |
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16 A tale of many models. Which one creates the best of times? |
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The foundations of modern motor control neuroscience |
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419 | (1) |
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What about the translation to human disease? |
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420 | (1) |
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New tools--Are they wagging the dog? |
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421 | (1) |
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An argument for the tail wagging the dog |
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422 | (2) |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
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425 | (2) |
| Index |
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427 | |
