List of Boxes |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
Explanatory Notes |
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xv | |
1 Diagnosis Of Neurologic Diseases (General Principle) |
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1 | (4) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
2 History Taking |
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5 | (4) |
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1 The Present Age and the Age at Onset |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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4 History of the Present Illness |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
3 Physical Examination |
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9 | (14) |
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1 General Physical Examination and Neurologic Examination |
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9 | (11) |
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A General Physical Examination at the Initial Clinical Evaluation |
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9 | (10) |
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B General Physical Findings and Neurologic Findings |
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19 | (1) |
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2 Steps of Neurologic Examination |
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20 | (3) |
4 Evaluation Of Consciousness |
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23 | (6) |
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1 Anatomical Basis of Consciousness |
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23 | (1) |
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2 Mechanisms of Disturbances of Consciousness |
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24 | (1) |
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3 Observation of the State of Consciousness |
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24 | (1) |
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4 Modes of Consciousness Disturbance and the Coma Scale |
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25 | (1) |
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5 Conditions That Should Be Distinguished from Clouding of Consciousness |
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26 | (3) |
5 Brainstem And Cranial Nerve Territories |
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29 | (6) |
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29 | (1) |
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2 Common Structures of Cranial Nerves |
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29 | (2) |
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3 Cranial Nerves Related to Somatosensory Function |
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31 | (1) |
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4 Cranial Nerves Related to Autonomic Nervous Function |
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31 | (1) |
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5 Location of the Cranial Nerve Nuclei in the Brainstem |
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32 | (3) |
6 Olfactory Sensation |
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35 | (2) |
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1 Structures and Neurotransmitters of the Olfactory System |
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35 | (1) |
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2 Examination of Olfactory Sensation |
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35 | (2) |
7 Visual Functions |
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37 | (12) |
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1 Anatomy and Function of the Visual System |
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37 | (7) |
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37 | (1) |
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B Optic Nerve and Optic Chiasm |
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38 | (2) |
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C Lateral Geniculate Body and Optic Radiation |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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E Blood Supply to the Visual Pathway |
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42 | (1) |
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F Cytoarchitecture of the Visual System and Higher Cortical Functions |
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42 | (2) |
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2 Examination of Visual Functions |
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44 | (5) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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C Ophthalmoscopic Examination of Ocular Fundus |
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46 | (3) |
8 Pupils And Accommodation |
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49 | (8) |
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1 Nerve Innervation of Intraocular Muscles |
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49 | (4) |
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A Light Reflex and Convergence Reflex |
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49 | (2) |
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B Sympathetic Nervous System and Horner Syndrome |
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51 | (1) |
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C Accommodation and Its Abnormality |
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52 | (1) |
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2 Examination of Intraocular Muscles |
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53 | (4) |
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A Oculomotor Nerve Palsy and Horner Syndrome |
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53 | (1) |
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B Examination of the Light Reflex and Its Abnormality |
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54 | (1) |
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C Special Abnormal Findings of Pupils |
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55 | (1) |
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D Examination of the Convergence Reflex |
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55 | (1) |
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E Examination of Accommodation |
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55 | (2) |
9 Extraocular Muscles, Gaze, And Eye Movements |
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57 | (18) |
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1 Nerve Innervation of Extraocular Muscles |
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57 | (4) |
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A Third Cranial Nerve (Oculomotor Nerve) |
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57 | (3) |
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B Fourth Cranial Nerve (Trochlear Nerve) |
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60 | (1) |
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C Sixth Cranial Nerve (Abducens Nerve) |
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60 | (1) |
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2 Neural Control Mechanism of Gaze |
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61 | (2) |
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A Central Control Mechanism of Gaze |
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61 | (1) |
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B Lateral Gaze and Lateral Gaze Palsy |
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62 | (1) |
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C Vertical Gaze and Vertical Gaze Palsy |
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62 | (1) |
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D Convergence and Convergence Palsy |
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62 | (1) |
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3 Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus and Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia |
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63 | (1) |
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4 Central Control Mechanism of Eye Movements |
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63 | (2) |
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A Central Control Mechanism of Saccades |
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64 | (1) |
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B Central Control Mechanism of Smooth Pursuit |
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64 | (1) |
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C Roles of Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia in Eye Movements |
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65 | (1) |
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5 Examination of Extraocular Muscles, Gaze, and Eye Movements |
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65 | (10) |
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66 | (1) |
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B Examination of Extraocular Muscles |
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66 | (2) |
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C Examination of Fixation, Gaze, and Eye Movements |
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68 | (2) |
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D Involuntary Movements of Eyes |
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70 | (5) |
10 Trigeminal Nerve |
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75 | (8) |
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1 Structures and Functions |
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75 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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B Cortical Reception of Somatosensory Input from Face |
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76 | (1) |
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C Nerve Innervation of Masticatory Muscles |
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76 | (1) |
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D Reflex Pathway of Jaw Jerk |
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77 | (1) |
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E Neural Pathway of Corneal Reflex |
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78 | (1) |
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2 Examination of Functions Related to the Trigeminal Nerve |
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78 | (5) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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C Jaw Jerk (Masseter Reflex) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
11 Facial Nerve |
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83 | (6) |
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1 Structures and Functions |
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83 | (3) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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D Lacrimation and Salivation |
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85 | (1) |
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E Parasympathetic Innervation of Facial Skin and Mucosa |
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86 | (1) |
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2 Examination of Functions Related to the Facial Nerve |
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86 | (3) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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D Lacrimation and Salivation |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
12 Auditory Function |
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89 | (4) |
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1 Structures of the Auditory Pathway |
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89 | (1) |
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2 Examination of Auditory Function |
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90 | (3) |
13 Sense Of Equilibrium |
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93 | (4) |
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1 Structures and Functions of the Pathways Related to Equilibrium |
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93 | (1) |
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2 Examination of the Sense of Equilibrium |
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94 | (3) |
14 Swallowing, Phonation, And Articulation |
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97 | (8) |
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1 Innervation of Swallowing, Phonation, and Articulation |
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97 | (3) |
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A Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Vagus Nerve |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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C Cortical Innervation of Bulbar Muscles |
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98 | (1) |
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D Involvement of the Cranial Nerves Innervating Bulbar Muscles |
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99 | (1) |
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2 Somatosensory Innervation of Pharynx and Larynx |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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5 Autonomic Innervation of Visceral Organs |
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101 | (1) |
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6 Afferent Pathway from the Visceral Organs |
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102 | (1) |
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7 Examination of Swallowing, Phonation, and Articulation |
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102 | (3) |
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A Examination of the Tongue |
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103 | (1) |
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B Examination of the Soft Palate and Swallowing |
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103 | (1) |
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C Bulbar Palsy and Pseudobulbar Palsy |
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104 | (1) |
15 Neck And Trunk |
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105 | (4) |
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1 Examination of the Neck |
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105 | (1) |
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A Postural Abnormality of the Neck |
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105 | (1) |
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B Examination of Muscles Innervated by the Accessory Nerve |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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2 Examination of the Trunk |
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106 | (3) |
16 Motor Functions |
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109 | (44) |
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1 Final Common Pathway of the Motor System |
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109 | (6) |
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A Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tracts |
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109 | (3) |
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B Structure and Function of Spinal Cord |
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112 | (1) |
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C Anterior Horn Cells and Peripheral Motor Nerves |
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113 | (2) |
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D Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle |
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115 | (1) |
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2 Central Control of Voluntary Movement |
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115 | (17) |
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A Higher Functions of Motor Cortices |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (9) |
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125 | (7) |
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3 Examination of Motor Functions |
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132 | (21) |
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132 | (1) |
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B Muscle Atrophy and Fasciculation |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (8) |
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142 | (3) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (6) |
17 Tendon Reflexes And Pathological Reflexes |
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153 | (6) |
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1 Physiological Mechanism of the Tendon Reflex |
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153 | (1) |
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2 Examination of Tendon Reflexes |
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153 | (3) |
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3 Pathological Reflexes and Their Generating Mechanisms |
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156 | (1) |
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4 Loss of Superficial Reflex as a Pyramidal Sign |
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157 | (2) |
18 Involuntary Movements |
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159 | (26) |
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1 Examination of Involuntary Movements |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (7) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (5) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (6) |
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178 | (1) |
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10 Involuntary Movements That Can Be Suppressed Momentarily |
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179 | (2) |
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11 Involuntary Movements of Peripheral Nerve Origin |
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181 | (4) |
19 Somatosensory Function |
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185 | (14) |
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1 Structure and Functions of the Somatosensory System |
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185 | (3) |
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A Somatosensory Receptors |
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185 | (1) |
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B Peripheral Somatosensory Nerves |
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185 | (1) |
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C Somatosensory Pathway in the Spinal Cord |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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F The Third Sensory Neuron and Cortical Receptive Areas |
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188 | (1) |
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2 Examination of Somatosensory Function and Abnormal Findings |
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188 | (11) |
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A Examination of Somatosensory Function |
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189 | (1) |
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B Somatosensory Symptoms/Signs |
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190 | (1) |
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C Impairment of the Somatosensory Nervous System and Distribution of the Sensory Symptoms |
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191 | (8) |
20 Autonomic Nervous System |
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199 | (6) |
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1 Structure and Function of the Autonomic Efferent System |
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199 | (3) |
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A Sympathetic Nervous System |
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199 | (1) |
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B Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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199 | (2) |
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C Disorders of the Peripheral Autonomic Nerves |
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201 | (1) |
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D Cortical Center of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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201 | (1) |
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E Neural Control of Urination |
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202 | (1) |
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2 Structure and Function of the Autonomic Afferent System |
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202 | (1) |
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3 Examination of the Autonomic Nervous Function |
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202 | (3) |
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A Autonomic Symptoms of Skin |
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202 | (1) |
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B Micturition and Sexual Functions |
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203 | (1) |
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C Gastrointestinal Symptoms |
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203 | (1) |
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D Orthostatic Hypotension |
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203 | (2) |
21 Posture And Gait |
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205 | (4) |
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1 Central Control Mechanism of Gait |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (4) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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D Waddling Gait and Steppage Gait |
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207 | (2) |
22 Mental And Cognitive Functions |
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209 | (14) |
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1 Examination of Mental/Cognitive Functions |
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209 | (7) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (3) |
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213 | (2) |
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D Common Knowledge and Judgment |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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F Illusion, Hallucination, and Delusion |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (7) |
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A Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders |
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216 | (1) |
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B Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (5) |
23 Aphasia, Apraxia, And Agnosia |
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223 | (14) |
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1 Neural Circuits Related to Language, Praxis, and Recognition |
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223 | (8) |
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223 | (4) |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (2) |
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2 Examination of Language, Praxis, and Recognition |
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231 | (6) |
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A Examination of Language and Aphasia |
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231 | (1) |
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B Examination of Praxis and Apraxia |
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232 | (1) |
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C Examination of Recognition and Agnosia |
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233 | (1) |
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D Use of Simple Test Battery |
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233 | (4) |
24 Paroxysmal And Functional Disorders |
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237 | (12) |
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1 Epilepsy and Convulsion |
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237 | (5) |
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A Classification of Epileptic Seizures |
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237 | (4) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (2) |
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A Classification of Headache |
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242 | (1) |
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B Migraine and Related Disorders |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (5) |
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A Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome |
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244 | (1) |
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B Central Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome |
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245 | (1) |
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C REM Sleep Behavior Disorders |
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245 | (1) |
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D Narcolepsy and Related Disorders |
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246 | (1) |
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E Periodic Limb Movement in Sleep |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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G Fatal Familial Insomnia |
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246 | (3) |
25 Ion Channel Disorders |
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249 | (8) |
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1 Hereditary Channelopathies |
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249 | (4) |
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A Hereditary Channelopathies of the Central Nervous System |
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249 | (3) |
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B Hereditary Channelopathies of the Peripheral Nervous System |
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252 | (1) |
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C Hereditary Channelopathies of Muscles |
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252 | (1) |
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2 Autoimmune Channelopathies |
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253 | (4) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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C Isaacs Syndrome (Neuromyotonia) |
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254 | (3) |
26 Psychogenic Neurologic Diseases |
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257 | (2) |
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1 Psychogenic Motor Paralysis |
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257 | (1) |
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2 Psychogenic Sensory Loss |
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257 | (1) |
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3 Psychogenic Constriction of Visual Field |
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258 | (1) |
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4 Common Features of Psychogenic Neurologic Diseases |
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258 | (1) |
27 Thalamus |
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259 | (6) |
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1 General Structure of the Thalamus |
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259 | (1) |
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2 Ventral Posterior Nucleus as the Sensory Relay Center |
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259 | (2) |
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3 Ventral Anterior Nucleus and Ventrolateral Nucleus as the Motor Thalamus |
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261 | (1) |
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4 Medial Dorsal Nucleus as a Relay Center to the Prefrontal Cortex |
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261 | (1) |
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5 Anterior Nucleus and Memory |
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262 | (1) |
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6 Pulvinar as a Relay Center to the Parietal Lobe |
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262 | (1) |
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7 Intralaminar Nucleus as a Relay Center of the Ascending Reticular Activating System |
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262 | (1) |
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8 Relay Nucleus for the Visual and Auditory System |
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262 | (3) |
28 Hypothalamus And Neuroendocrinology |
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265 | (4) |
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1 Structure and Function of the Hypothalamus |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
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A Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis) |
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265 | (1) |
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B Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis) |
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266 | (1) |
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3 Adjustment to the External Environment and Control of the Internal Milieu |
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267 | (2) |
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A Control of Circadian Rhythm |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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C Control of Body Temperature |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (2) |
29 Neurologic Emergency |
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269 | (12) |
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1 Disorders with Respiratory Paralysis |
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269 | (1) |
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A Crisis of Myasthenia Gravis |
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269 | (1) |
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B Guillain-Barre Syndrome |
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270 | (1) |
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C Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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E Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
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270 | (1) |
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2 Disorders with Disturbance of Consciousness |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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4 Conditions Expected to Have Poor Functional Recovery Unless Appropriately Treated at Early Clinical Stage |
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272 | (1) |
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A Acute Compression of Spinal Cord |
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273 | (1) |
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B Progressive Ischemic Cerebrovascular Diseases |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (5) |
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A Degree of Coma (Coma Scaling) |
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274 | (1) |
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B Presence or Absence of Asymmetry in Neurologic Signs |
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274 | (1) |
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C Examination of Brainstem Functions |
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274 | (4) |
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278 | (1) |
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6 Judgment of Brain Death |
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278 | (3) |
30 Disability, Functional Recovery, And Prognosis |
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281 | (4) |
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1 Assessment of Disability Scale |
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281 | (1) |
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2 Mode of Tissue Damage, Functional Disability, and Its Recovery |
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281 | (1) |
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3 Mechanisms of Functional Recovery |
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282 | (3) |
31 How To Plan Laboratory Tests |
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285 | (4) |
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1 Functional Neuroimaging Studies and Electrophysiological Studies |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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3 Use of Laboratory Tests for Prevention of Diseases |
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287 | (2) |
Afterword: For Those Who Wish to Study Neurology |
|
289 | (2) |
Index |
|
291 | |