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E-grāmata: New Methods for Measuring and Analyzing Segregation

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New Methods for Measuring and Analyzing SegregationPalielināt
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This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license.

This book introduces new methods for measuring and analyzing residential segregation.  It begins by placing all popular segregation indices in the difference of group means framework wherein index scores can be obtained as simple differences of group means on individual-level residential attainments scored from area racial composition.  Drawing on the insight that in this framework index scores are additively determined by individual residential attainments, the book shows that the level of segregation in a given city can be equated to the effect of group membership (e.g., race) on individual residential attainments.  This unifies separate research traditions in the field by joining the analysis of segregation at the aggregate level with the analysis of residential attainments for individuals.  Next it shows how segregation analysis can be extended by using multivariate attainment models to assess the impact of group membership (i.e., the level of segregation for a city) while including controls for other relevant individual characteristics (e.g., income, education, language, nativity, etc.).  It then illustrates how one can use these models to quantitatively assess the extent to which segregation traces to impacts of group membership on residential attainments versus other factors such as group differences in income.  The book then shows how micro-level attainment models can be used to study macro-level variation in segregation; specifically, by estimating multi-level models of individual residential attainments to assess how the effect of group membership (i.e., segregation index scores) vary with city characteristics.  Finally, the book introduces refined versions of popular indices that are free of the vexing problem of upward bias.  This improves the quality of segregation measurement directly at the level of individual cases and expanding the number of cases that can be safely included in empirical studies.  

Papildus informācija

This is an open access book, the electronic versions are freely accessible online.
1 Introduction and Goals
1(10)
References
10(1)
2 Alternative Formulas for Selected Indices
11(8)
References
16(3)
3 Overview of the "Difference of Means" Framework
19(8)
3.1 Index Formulas: The Current State of Affairs
19(3)
3.2 The Difference of Means Formulation --- The General Approach
22(2)
3.3 Additional Preliminary Remarks on Implementation
24(1)
References
25(2)
4 Difference of Means Formulations for Selected Indices
27(18)
4.1 Scoring Residential Outcomes (y) for the Delta or Dissimilarity Index (D)
27(4)
4.2 Scoring Residential Outcomes (y) for the Gini Index (G)
31(1)
4.3 The Delta or Dissimilarity Index (D) as a Crude Version of G
32(1)
4.4 Scoring Residential Outcomes (y) for the Separation Index (S)
33(3)
4.5 A Side Comment on the Separation Index (S) and Uneven Distribution
36(3)
4.6 Scoring Residential Outcomes (y) for the Theil Index (H)
39(1)
4.7 Scoring Residential Outcomes (y) for the Hutchens Square Root Index (R)
40(3)
References
43(2)
5 Index Differences in Registering Area Group Proportions
45(12)
5.1 Segregation as Group Differences in Individual Residential Attainments
46(6)
5.2 Implications for Sensitivity to Separation and Polarization
52(4)
References
56(1)
6 Empirical Relationships Among Indices
57(20)
6.1 When Do Indices Agree? When Can They Disagree?
61(10)
6.2 Why Does Relative Group Size Matter?
71(4)
References
75(2)
7 Distinctions Between Displacement and Separation
77(40)
7.1 The Increasing Practical Importance of the Distinction Between Displacement and Separation
79(2)
7.2 Prototypical Segregation and Concentrated Versus Dispersed Displacement
81(5)
7.2.1 Prototypical Segregation
82(4)
7.3 Clarifying the Logical Potential for D-S Concordance and Discordance --- Analysis of Exchanges
86(11)
7.3.1 Overview of D-S Differences in Responding to Integration-Promoting Exchanges
88(2)
7.3.2 Examples of D-S Differences in Responding to Integration-Promoting Exchanges
90(5)
7.3.3 Implications of Analysis of Example Exchanges
95(2)
7.4 Clarifying the Potential for D-S Concordance and Discordance --- Analytic Models
97(11)
7.4.1 Examples of Calculating Values of SMin Given Values of D and P
100(5)
7.4.2 Examining D, SMax, and SMin over Varying Combinations of D and P
105(3)
7.4.3 Implications of Findings from Analytic Models for SMax and SMm
108(1)
7.5 Is Separation a Distinct Dimension of Segregation?
108(7)
References
115(2)
8 Further Comments on Differences Between Displacement and Separation
117(22)
8.1 Revisiting the Empirical Relationships of Displacement (D) and Separation (S)
118(4)
8.2 Scenarios for How D and S Discrepancies Can Arise
122(5)
8.3 A Practical Issue When Comparing D and S --- Size of Spatial Units
127(9)
8.3.1 A Case Study of White-Black Segregation Cullman County Alabama
130(2)
8.3.2 A Case Study of White-Minority Segregation inPalaciosTX
132(1)
8.3.3 Reiterating the Importance of Using "Right-Sized" Spatial Units
133(2)
8.3.4 More Practical Guidance for Using S
135(1)
8.4 A Simple Index of Polarization
136(1)
References
137(2)
9 Unifying Micro-level and Macro-level Analyses of Segregation
139(42)
9.1 New Ways to Work with Detailed Summary File Tabulations
141(1)
9.2 Some Preliminaries
142(4)
9.3 Substantive Findings
146(2)
9.4 Opportunities to Perform Standardization and Components Analysis
148(2)
9.5 Comparison with Previous Approaches to "Taking Account" of Non-racial Social Characteristics
150(2)
9.6 Aggregate-Level Controls for Micro-level Determinants of Residential Outcomes
152(4)
9.7 New Interpretations of Index Scores Based on Bivariate Regression Analysis
156(5)
9.8 Multivariate Segregation Attainment Analysis (SAA)
161(9)
9.9 Unifying Aggregate Segregation Studies and Studies of Individual-Level Residential Attainment
170(2)
9.10 New Possibilities for Investigating Segregation Using Restricted Data
172(2)
9.11 An Example Analysis Using Restricted Microdata
174(4)
References
178(3)
10 New Options for Investigating Macro-level Variation in Segregation
181(10)
10.1 New Specifications for Conducting Comparative and/or Trend Analyses of Segregation
181(8)
References
189(2)
11 Aspatial and Spatial Applications of Indices of Uneven Distribution
191(4)
References
193(2)
12 Relevance of Individual-Level Residential Outcomes for Describing Segregation
195(12)
12.1 An Example Analysis of Segregation and Exposure to Neighborhood Poverty
202(5)
13 Relevance of Individual-Level Residential Outcomes for Segregation Theory
207(4)
References
209(2)
14 Index Bias and Current Practices
211(26)
14.1 Overview of the Issue of Index Bias
214(8)
14.1.1 Effective Neighborhood Size (ENS): A Further Complication
218(2)
14.1.2 The Practical Relevance of Variation in Effective Neighborhood Size
220(1)
14.1.3 Random Distribution Is a Valid, Useful, and Conceptually Desirable Reference Point
221(1)
14.2 Prevailing Practices for Avoiding Complications Associated with Index Bias
222(10)
14.2.1 Unwelcome Consequences of Prevailing Practices
223(4)
14.2.2 Efficacy of Prevailing Practices: Screening Cases on Minority Population Size
227(2)
14.2.3 Efficacy of Prevailing Practices: Weighting Cases by Minority Population Size
229(1)
14.2.4 An Aside on Weighting Cases by Minority Population Size
230(2)
14.2.5 Summing Up Comments on Prevailing Practices
232(1)
14.3 Limitations of Previous Approaches for Dealing Directly with Index Bias
232(2)
14.4 Summary
234(1)
References
235(2)
15 New Options for Understanding and Dealing with Index Bias
237(20)
15.1 The Source of the Initial Insight
239(3)
15.2 Building on the Initial Insight
242(1)
15.3 A More Detailed Exposition of Bias in the Separation Index
243(3)
15.4 Situating This Result and Its Implications in the Difference of Means Framework
246(1)
15.4.1 Expected Distributions of p' and y' Under Random Assignment
247(1)
15.5 Reviewing a Simple Example in Detail
247(7)
15.5.1 Additional Reflections on Results Presented in Tables 15.1 and 15.2
253(1)
15.6 Summary
254(1)
References
254(3)
16 Comparing Behavior of Unbiased and Standard Versions of Popular Indices
257(24)
16.1 Documenting the Attractive Behavior of Unbiased Versions of Indices of Uneven Distribution
263(5)
16.1.1 Summary of Behavior of Unbiased Indices
268(1)
16.2 Documenting Additional Desirable Behavior of Unbiased Indices Based on the Difference of Means Formulation
268(7)
16.3 Conceptual and Practical Issues and Potential Impact on Research
275(4)
References
279(2)
17 Final Comments
281(4)
References
284(1)
Appendices
285(48)
Appendix A Summary of Notation and Conventions
285(3)
Pairwise Calculations
285(1)
Reference and Comparison Groups (Groups 1 and 2)
285(1)
City-Wide Terms for Pairwise Calculations
286(1)
Area-Specific Terms for Pairwise Calculations
286(1)
Terms for Individuals or Households
286(1)
Selected Terms and Conventions Relevant for the Gini Index (G)
287(1)
Selected Terms and Conventions Relevant for the Theil Entropy Index (H)
287(1)
Selected Terms and Conventions Relevant for the Atkinson Index (A)
287(1)
Appendix B Formulating Indices of Uneven Distribution as Overall Averages of Individual-Level Residential Outcomes
288(5)
Focusing Attention on Individual-Level Residential Outcomes
289(3)
Summary of Difference of Means Formulations
292(1)
Appendix C Establishing the Scaling Functions y = f (p) Needed to Cast the Gini Index (G) and the Dissimilarity Index (D) as Differences of Group Means on Scaled Pairwise Contact
293(27)
The General Task
294(1)
Introducing the Function y = f (p) for the Gini Index (G)
295(2)
Calculating G as a Difference of Means
297(1)
Deriving G as a Difference of Means
298(1)
A Brief Demonstration
299(1)
Getting on with the Derivation
300(8)
The Dissimilarity Index (D) --- A Special Case of the Gini Index (G)
308(7)
Alternative Graphical Explorations of Relative Rank Position
315(3)
The Nature of the Y-P Relationship for G
318(2)
Appendix D Establishing the Scaling Function y = f (p) Needed to Cast the Separation Index (S) as a Difference of Group Means on Scaled Pairwise Contact
320(7)
Variance Analysis
323(3)
Formulation as a Difference of Means
326(1)
Appendix E Establishing the Scaling Function y = f (p) Needed to Cast the Theil Entropy Index (H) as a Difference of Group Means on Scaled Pairwise Contact
327(3)
Adjusting the Range to 0--1
329(1)
A Loose End When p = P
329(1)
Appendix F Establishing the Scaling Function y = f (p) Needed to Cast the Hutchens' Square Root Index (R) as a Difference of Group Means on Scaled Pairwise Contact
330(3)
Adjusting the Range to 0--1
332(1)
A Loose End When p = P
332(1)
An Observation
333(1)
References 333
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