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E-grāmata: Non-Binding Norms in International Humanitarian Law: Efficacy, Legitimacy, and Legality

(Associate Professor, Sydney Law School)
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Non-Binding Norms in International Humanitarian Law: Efficacy, Legitimacy, and LegalityPalielināt
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This monograph examines and analyses the phenomenon of non-binding instruments (also known as 'soft law') in the law of armed conflict, or international humanitarian law.

In the past 30 years, there have been several non-binding instruments created, designed as either 'best practice' guidelines, or (re)statements of applicable law. These instruments are not treaties, but they nevertheless put themselves forward as authoritative statements of what the law is and, in
some instances, what the law should be. Soft law instruments can be dynamic, prompt, and responsive measures to address pressing issues in armed conflicts. By drawing on the skill of a small group of experts, these instruments can be debated and drafted in a timelier manner than if these issues
were to be left to the international community of 194 States to resolve. Furthermore, because these instruments do not have to be sent for debate to an international conference of States, it means that the provisions are not subject to the usual revisions, reservations, and dilutions that come with
attempting to reach consensus. However, there are potential and actual problems with these instruments and the processes that bring them to fruition, and how they are received in practice by States and other stakeholders.

This volume looks at the benefits and drawbacks for States and non-State actors with regards to soft law, whether they are effective additions to the law of armed conflict, analysing the development through the lens of theories of legitimacy and legality in international law.
List of Abbreviations
xvii
Introduction 1(7)
1 What is `Soft' Law? An Analysis of the Concept of Non-Binding Instruments and Provisions in International Law
8(32)
Introduction
8(1)
Defining Non-Binding Instruments (or Soft Law)
9(8)
Criticisms of and Support for the Concept of Soft Law
17(5)
The Benefits of Soft Law: Coordinating, Qualifying, and Influencing Behaviour
22(5)
The Reception and Treatment of Soft Law Instruments and Norms in International Law
27(12)
Concluding Comments: Is Soft Law a `Source' of International Law?
39(1)
2 The History of Non-Binding Instruments in the History of International Humanitarian Law
40(23)
Introduction
40(1)
The History of Non-Binding Norms in International Humanitarian Law
41(14)
The Impact of Non-Binding Instruments in the History of International Humanitarian Law
55(7)
Concluding Thoughts on the History of Non-Binding Instruments in International Humanitarian Law
62(1)
3 Non-Binding Provisions in Binding Instruments
63(21)
Introduction
63(1)
Common Article 3's Special Agreements Provision in Historical Context, Theory, and Practice
64(9)
Additional Protocol II's Amnesty Provision in Historical Context, Theory, and Practice
73(8)
Amnesties in Article 6(5) of Additional Protocol II--Scope and Interpretation of the Provision
81(1)
Concluding Thoughts
82(2)
4 Non-Binding Instruments in International Humanitarian Law: State-Directed Non-Binding Instruments, and Non-Binding Instruments Created by Expert Groups
84(46)
Introduction
84(2)
A Note on the Methodology for
Chapters 4 and 5
86(1)
The San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea
87(8)
The San Remo Manual on the Law of Non-International Armed Conflict
95(4)
The Montreux Document on Pertinent International Legal Obligations and Good Practices for States related to Operations of Private Military and Security Companies during Armed Conflict
99(7)
The Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare
106(5)
The Copenhagen Principles and Guidelines on the Handling of Detainees in International Military Operations
111(8)
The Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare and the Tallinn Manual 2.0 on Cyber Operations
119(10)
Conclusion
129(1)
5 Non-Binding Instruments in International Humanitarian Law: Civil Society Contributions to the Development of Non-Binding Norms
130(22)
Introduction
130(1)
The ICRC Study into Customary International Humanitarian Law
130(8)
The International Code of Conduct for Private Security Providers
138(4)
The ICRC Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law
142(6)
Geneva Call's Deeds of Commitment
148(2)
Conclusion
150(2)
6 The Benefits of Soft Law in International Humanitarian Law: Why the Turn to Non-Binding Instruments and Mechanisms?
152(22)
Introduction
152(1)
The Benefits of Non-Binding Instruments in International Law: Theory and Practice
153(4)
The Benefits of Non-Binding Norms in International Humanitarian Law: Theory and Practice
157(2)
Non-Binding Norms in Binding Instruments--Why Were They Adopted?
159(5)
Expert Group and Civil Society Non-Binding Instruments--Why Were They Adopted?
164(9)
Concluding Thoughts
173(1)
7 The Efficacy of Soft Law Norms
174(45)
Introduction
174(1)
Preliminary Requirements: Defining and Determining Efficacy
174(3)
A Note on the Methodology for This
Chapter
177(4)
Non-Binding Norms in Binding Instruments
181(17)
Non - Binding Instruments
198(21)
8 Legitimacy and Legality and Non-Binding Instruments in International Humanitarian Law
219(25)
Introduction
219(1)
Legitimacy, Legality, and Non-Binding Norms
220(1)
Denning Legitimacy: Theories of Legitimacy in International Law
221(7)
The Relevance of Legitimacy to Non-Binding Norms
228(6)
Defining Legality
234(8)
The Legality of Non-Binding Norms
242(2)
9 The Impact of the Turn towards the Non-Binding in International Humanitarian Law and the Way Forward for Non-Binding Norms in International Humanitarian Law
244(13)
Introduction
244(1)
Exploring the Effect of the Turn to Non-Binding Instruments in International Humanitarian Law: The Impact on Formal Law-Making
245(4)
Non-Binding Norms and Accountability, Transparency, and Bias
249(8)
Bibliography 257(20)
Index 277
Emily Crawford is an Associate Professor at the University of Sydney Law School, where she teaches and researches in international law, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law. She has published widely in the field of international humanitarian law, including two monographs (The Treatment of Combatants and Insurgents under the Law of Armed Conflict (OUP 2010) and Identifying the Enemy: Civilian Participation in Hostilities (OUP 2015)) and a textbook (International Humanitarian Law (with Alison Pert, 2nd edition, CUP 2020)). She is an associate of the Sydney Centre for International Law, and a co-editor of the Journal of International Humanitarian Studies.
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