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E-grāmata: Non-destructive Testing and Evaluation of Civil Engineering Structures

Edited by (IUT Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France), Edited by (Aix-Marseille University, France)
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Nov-2017
  • Izdevniecība: ISTE Press Ltd - Elsevier Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780081023051
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Non-destructive Testing and Evaluation of Civil Engineering StructuresPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Nov-2017
  • Izdevniecība: ISTE Press Ltd - Elsevier Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780081023051
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Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Civil Engineering Structures discusses the development of strategies for onsite ausculations by NDT in civil engineering, including objectives, limits and the usual techniques. In addition, the book covers physics principles, applications, new developments and the quality of measurements, uncertainties and variabilities of NDT methods. In addition, the book discusses how to characterize the exploitation of NDT measurements and their methodology for the combination of methods for concrete structure assessment and data fusion.

These strategies can be developed for structure auscultation and the optimization of NDT evaluation, calibration, and in the presentation of case studies.

  • Presents the latest developments performed in the community of NDT on different aspects
  • Provides a methodology developed in laboratory and transferred onsite for the evaluation of concrete properties which are not usually addressed by NDT methods
  • Includes the use of data fusion for merging the measurements provided by several NDT methods
  • Includes examples of current and potential applications

Papildus informācija

Focuses on the evaluation of concrete properties in real structures by means of NonDestructive Testing (NDT) Methods
Foreword xi
Thierry Kretz
List of Notations
xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(20)
Jean Salin
Jean-Paul Balayssac
Vincent Garnier
1.1 The beginnings of NDE
1(2)
1.2 Industrial development of NDE
3(3)
1.2.1 Pressure equipment
3(1)
1.2.2 Aviation
4(1)
1.2.3 Wind energy sector
4(1)
1.2.4 Ski lifts
5(1)
1.2.5 In the absence of standards
5(1)
1.3 Civil Engineering works
6(6)
1.3.1 Historical context and challenges
6(2)
1.3.2 Existing regulations
8(2)
1.3.3 The evolution of requirements in an increasingly significant socio-economic context
10(2)
1.4 Coordination of the monitoring of Civil Engineering structures and the role played by NDE
12(3)
1.5 Summary of the development of NDE
15(2)
1.6 Contents of the book
17(2)
1.7 Bibliography
19(2)
Chapter 2 Ultrasonic Methods
21(66)
Cedric Payan
Odile Abraham
Vincent Garnier
2.1 Introduction
21(1)
2.2 Theoretical bases
22(12)
2.2.1 Ultrasonic wave properties
22(11)
2.2.2 Refraction and reflection
33(1)
2.3 Description usual methods
34(19)
2.3.1 Categories of techniques
34(2)
2.3.2 Volume waves
36(7)
2.3.3 Guided waves
43(3)
2.3.4 Sensitivity of ultrasonic waves to concrete properties and characteristics
46(6)
2.3.5 Conclusion
52(1)
2.4 Innovative techniques
53(21)
2.4.1 Objectives
53(1)
2.4.2 Nonlinear elasticity
53(8)
2.4.3 Diffusion
61(6)
2.4.4 Non-coupled evaluation
67(2)
2.4.5 Non-contact evaluation
69(5)
2.4.6 Conclusions
74(1)
2.5 Summary
74(6)
2.6 Bibliography
80(7)
Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Methods
87(52)
Xavier Derobert
Jean-Paul Balayssac
Zoubir Mehdi Sbartai
Jean Dumoulin
3.1 Introduction
87(1)
3.2 Theoretical bases
88(7)
3.2.1 Electromagnetic properties and polarization processes
88(4)
3.2.2 Electromagnetic wave propagation
92(2)
3.2.3 Electromagnetic wave reflection at the interface of two media
94(1)
3.3 Overview of usual electromagnetic methods
95(15)
3.3.1 Radar technique
95(5)
3.3.2 Capacitive technique
100(3)
3.3.3 Additional measurement methods: measurement cells in TEM mode, co-axial sensors
103(2)
3.3.4 Infrared thermography: overview of the physical principle, active and passive methods, and influential parameters
105(5)
3.4 Usual and innovative applications
110(21)
3.4.1 Usual GPR applications
110(8)
3.4.2 Innovative GPR applications
118(5)
3.4.3 Capacitive method: usual applications
123(1)
3.4.4 Capacitive method: innovative applications for the characterization of a permittivity gradient
124(2)
3.4.5 Infrared thermography (IRT): usual application
126(4)
3.4.6 Innovative application of IRT: example of exploratory research on coupling using GPR
130(1)
3.5 Summary
131(3)
3.6 Bibliography
134(5)
Chapter 4 Electrical Methods
139(34)
Jean-Francois Lataste
Geraldine Villain
Jean-Paul Balayssac
4.1 Theoretical bases
139(11)
4.1.1 Electrical conduction in concrete
139(2)
4.1.2 Influencing factors
141(5)
4.1.3 Quality of measurements, uncertainties
146(4)
4.2 Description of the different resistive methods of non-destructive evaluation
150(7)
4.2.1 General principle
150(1)
4.2.2 Laboratory resistivity measuring cell
150(3)
4.2.3 Two-or four-electrode devices
153(2)
4.2.4 Multi-electrode devices for electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)
155(1)
4.2.5 Sealed devices in concrete
156(1)
4.3 Usual applications and developments
157(7)
4.3.1 Resistivity mapping
157(1)
4.3.2 Deep gradient assessment
158(2)
4.3.3 Classification of concretes according to their performance in durability or degree of degradation
160(1)
4.3.4 Evaluation of the orientation of steel fibers in high-performance fiber reinforced concrete (BEFHUP)
160(2)
4.3.5 Development paths
162(2)
4.4 Conclusion
164(2)
4.5 Bibliography
166(7)
Chapter 5 Electrochemical Methods
173(26)
Stephane Laurens
Fabrice Deby
5.1 Introduction
173(2)
5.2 General principles on the corrosion of steel in concrete
175(6)
5.2.1 Elements of theory
175(4)
5.2.2 Causes and typology of steel corrosion in concrete
179(2)
5.3 Measurement of electrochemical potential
181(4)
5.3.1 Critical analysis
184(1)
5.4 Measurement of linear polarization resistance
185(6)
5.4.1 Critical analysis
188(3)
5.5 Measurement of the electrical resistivity of concrete
191(2)
5.6 Conclusions
193(1)
5.7 Bibliography
194(5)
Chapter 6 Quality, Uncertainties and Variabilities
199(32)
Jean-Francois Chaix
Jean-Marie Henault
Vincent Garnier
6.1 Introduction
199(4)
6.2 Material variability: spatial and temporal aspects
203(4)
6.2.1 General information about concrete
203(1)
6.2.2 Variability from construction
204(1)
6.2.3 Post-construction variability
205(1)
6.2.4 Synthesis and purpose of NDE investigations
206(1)
6.3 Representative Volume Element of the concrete with respect to an NDE
207(2)
6.4 Metrological terminology and formalism
209(5)
6.4.1 Terminology
209(3)
6.4.2 Formalism
212(2)
6.5 Evaluation of the uncertainties of NDEs applied to concrete structures
214(6)
6.5.1 Implementation conditions, influence quantities, observables and indicators
214(4)
6.5.2 Definition of a reference
218(2)
6.5.3 Model errors
220(1)
6.6 Qualification of NDE methods
220(7)
6.6.1 Uncertainties and sensitivity
221(1)
6.6.2 Quantification of uncertainty and selection of non-destructive parameters
222(2)
6.6.3 Example
224(3)
6.7 Summary
227(1)
6.8 Bibliography
227(1)
6.9 Appendix
228(3)
Chapter 7 Construction of Conversion Models of Observables into Indicators
231(28)
Denys Breysse
Geraldine Villain
Zoubir Mehdi Sbartai
Vincent Garnier
7.1 Introduction: objectives and methodological needs
231(3)
7.2 Identifying conversion model parameters
234(13)
7.2.1 General framework
234(3)
7.2.2 Direct identification of conversion model parameters
237(4)
7.2.3 Identification by calibration of an existing model
241(6)
7.2.4 How can we choose a procedure?
247(1)
7.3 Use of the conversion model to assess indicators
247(3)
7.4 Uncertainties and accuracy of estimates, recommendations
250(2)
7.5 Conclusions
252(1)
7.6 Bibliography
253(2)
7.7 Appendix
255(4)
7.7.1 Identification of a bi-objective conversion model
255(2)
7.7.2 References for the conversion models in Figure 7.5
257(2)
Chapter 8 Assessment of Concrete by a Combination of Non-Destructive Techniques
259(40)
Zoubir Mehdi Sbartai
Vincent Garnier
Geraldine Villain
Denys Breysse
8.1 Introduction
259(2)
8.2 The benefit of combining NDEs
261(1)
8.3 How can NDE techniques be combined?
262(19)
8.3.1 Conventional methods
262(8)
8.3.2 Innovative methods
270(11)
8.4 Calibration of conversion models for combining and merging NDE techniques
281(11)
8.4.1 Objective and interest of the calibration
281(1)
8.4.2 Calibration methods
281(1)
8.4.3 Calibration of SonReb methods and multiple regression
282(4)
8.4.4 ANN calibration
286(1)
8.4.5 Calibration of data fusion
287(5)
8.5 Conclusions
292(1)
8.6 Bibliography
293(6)
Chapter 9 Applications In Situ
299(30)
Geraldine Villain
Jean-Paul Balayssac
Vincent Garnier
9.1 Introduction
299(1)
9.2 Structure no. I: Marly motorway bridge
300(13)
9.2.1 Consultation with the client
301(3)
9.2.2 On-site experimental methodology
304(2)
9.2.3 Experimental program of destructive and non-destructive testing on cores
306(2)
9.2.4 On-site NDE analysis
308(1)
9.2.5 Evaluation and estimation of indicators
308(4)
9.2.6 Conclusions and discussion with the different actors
312(1)
9.3 Structure no. 2: enclosure walls of CEA-Saclay
313(12)
9.3.1 Consultation with the owner
313(2)
9.3.2 Non-destructive experimental methodology on-site
315(3)
9.3.3 Destructive and non-destructive experimental programs on cores
318(1)
9.3.4 On-site non-destructive evaluation analysis
319(3)
9.3.5 On-site non-destructive evaluation combinations
322(3)
9.3.6 Conclusions and discussions with the different actors
325(1)
9.4 Conclusions and perspectives
325(2)
9.5 Bibliography
327(2)
Chapter 10 Methodological Guide
329(22)
Jean-Paul Balayssac
Vincent Garnier
Jean Salin
10.1 Introduction
329(2)
10.2 NDE methodology of a structure
331(4)
10.2.1 Definitions
332(1)
10.2.2 Knowledge of the NDE specification
332(2)
10.2.3 Implementation of non-destructive testing and extraction of observables
334(1)
10.2.4 Implementation of destructive testing and evaluation of indicators
335(1)
10.3 Implementation of non-destructive techniques
335(7)
10.3.1 Introduction
335(1)
10.3.2 Selection of non-destructive techniques and their combination
336(3)
10.3.3 Sampling and measurement protocols using non-destructive techniques
339(1)
10.3.4 Pre-auscultation
340(1)
10.3.5 Detailed auscultation
341(1)
10.3.6 Characterization of variability
341(1)
10.4 Destructive measurements of the reference values of the indicators
342(1)
10.4.1 Cores sampling for destructive testing
342(1)
10.4.2 Destructive testing on cores
342(1)
10.5 Fusion of observables
343(5)
10.5.1 Identification of conversion models
343(1)
10.5.2 Fusion of observables
344(2)
10.5.3 Calibration of the fusion
346(2)
10.6 Drafting of the evaluation report
348(1)
10.7 Evolutions of this guide
348(1)
10.8 Bibliography
349(2)
Glossary 351(2)
List of Authors 353(2)
Index 355
Jean-Paul Balayssac is Professor at IUT Paul Sabatier and LMDC Toulouse (France) in the field of non-destructive evaluation of concrete structures. He has coordinated national projects (ANR) and participates in international actions (COST, RILEM). Vincent Garnier is Professor at IUT (Aix Marseille University) and at LMA (CNRS) in the field of ultrasound and data fusion. It coordinates national projects (PIA) and a working group of COFREND on Non-Destructive Evaluations applied to civil engineering.
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