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E-grāmata: Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay

  • Formāts: 344 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Feb-2004
  • Izdevniecība: National Academies Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780309167024
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  • Formāts: 344 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Feb-2004
  • Izdevniecība: National Academies Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780309167024

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Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay discusses the proposed plan to offset the dramatic decline in the bay's native oysters by introducing disease-resistant reproductive Suminoe oysters from Asia. It suggests this move should be delayed until more is known about the environmental risks, even though carefully regulated cultivation of sterile Asian oysters in contained areas could help the local industry and researchers. It is also noted that even though these oysters eat the excess algae caused by pollution, it could take decades before there are enough of them to improve water quality.

Table of Contents



Front Matter 1. Executive Summary 2. Introduction and Overview 3. Background on Introduced Species 4. Oyster Biology 5. Social and Economic Value of Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay 6. History and Current Status of Restoring Native Oyster Reefs in the Chesapeake Bay 7. Oyster Aquaculture 8. Regulatory Framework for Managing Proposed Introductions 9. Elements of Risk Assessment for the Introduction of Crassostrea Ariakensis in the Chesapeake Bay 10. Decisionmaking and Recommendations for Future Research References Appendix A: Committee and Staff Biographies Appendix B: Letter Report to the Virginia Marine Resources Commission Appendix C: Acronyms Appendix D: State Law Documents Appendix E: Federal Law Documents Appendix F: International Law Documents Appendix G: Chesapeake Bay Program Ad-Hoc Panel Letter and Reports Appendix H: Meeting Agenda Appendix I: Letters Requesting A Study On Non-native Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay Appendix J: Glossary Appendix K: Scientific and Common Names
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1(14)
Expectations and Perspective,
1(6)
Loss of the Native Oyster,
2(1)
How Might C. ariakensis Affect the Ecology of the Chesapeake Bay?
3(2)
What Are the Potential Economic and Social Impacts of a Nonnative Oyster?
5(2)
Adequacy of Regulatory and Institutional Structures,
7(1)
Management Options,
7(8)
Option 1: Prohibit Introduction of Nonnative Oysters,
8(1)
Option 2: Open-Water Aquaculture of Triploid Oysters,
9(2)
Option 3: Introduction of Reproductive Diploid Oysters,
11(1)
Choosing Among the Management Alternatives,
12(1)
Recommendations for Establishing Standards for Nonnative Oyster Aquaculture,
13(2)
2 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
15(13)
History of Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay,
15(7)
Report Organization,
21(1)
Chesapeake Bay Limnology and Oceanography,
22(6)
Physical Description,
22(3)
Changes in Human Population and Land Use,
25(1)
Nutrients and Sedimentation,
26(2)
3 BACKGROUND ON INTRODUCED SPECIES
28(32)
Brief Overview,
28(4)
Case Studies of Shellfish Introductions,
32(27)
France,
32(7)
Australia,
39(2)
New Zealand,
41(1)
Western North America,
42(12)
Eastern and Gulf Coasts of North America,
54(5)
Chapter Summary,
59(1)
4 OYSTER BIOLOGY
60(40)
General Biology of Oysters,
60(2)
Diseases of Oysters,
62(6)
Crassostrea virginica,
68(21)
Life History,
68(4)
Ecological Value of C. virginica in Chesapeake Bay,
72(8)
Diseases,
80(4)
Disease Resistance,
84(5)
Crassostrea ariakensis,
89(8)
Life History,
89(5)
Disease and Disease Resistance,
94(3)
Summary,
97(3)
5 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF OYSTERS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY
100(20)
Maryland and Virginia State Summaries,
108(6)
Maryland,
108(3)
Virginia,
111(3)
Recreational and Amenity Benefits,
114(4)
Summary,
118(2)
6 HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF RESTORING NATIVE OYSTER REEFS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY
120(30)
Introduction,
120(5)
Need for Restoration,
122(3)
History of Oyster Restoration in the Chesapeake Bay,
125(7)
Virginia,
125(2)
Maryland,
127(4)
Evaluation of Oyster Resource Restoration Programs Before 1990,
131(1)
Current Oyster Restoration Programs,
132(11)
Evaluation of Contemporary Oyster Restoration Programs,
133(5)
Fishery-Driven Restoration Versus Ecological Restoration,
138(2)
Alternative Hatchery-Based Management Strategies,
140(2)
Draft Comprehensive Oyster Management Plan,
142(1)
Potential Constraints to Long-Term Restoration Projects,
143(3)
Funding,
143(1)
Time,
144(1)
Continuous Epizootics,
144(1)
Baywide Recovery (10-fold Increase in Biomass),
144(1)
Self-Sustaining Oyster Populations,
145(1)
Hatchery Production,
145(1)
Sources of Shell for Reef Construction,
146(1)
Social and Cultural Aspects of Restoration,
146(2)
Summary,
148(2)
7 OYSTER AQUACULTURE
150(12)
Present Worldwide Status,
150(1)
Oyster Culture in Chesapeake Bay,
151(1)
Oyster Culture Worldwide,
151(5)
Seed Supply,
153(2)
Grow-Out Facilities,
155(1)
Triploidy and Reversion,
156(4)
Summary,
160(2)
8 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING PROPOSED INTRODUCTIONS
162(25)
Introduction,
162(1)
State,
162(5)
Virginia,
163(2)
Maryland,
165(1)
North Carolina,
166(1)
Other States and Countries,
166(1)
Federal,
167(7)
Executive Order 13112,
167(1)
Lacey Act,
168(1)
National Invasive Species Act,
168(1)
Federal Animal Protection Laws,
168(1)
Rivers and Harbors Act § 10 and Clean Water Act § 404 and Related Statutes,
169(2)
Other Issues Related to the Clean Water Act,
171(3)
Code of Conduct for Responsible Aquaculture Development in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone,
174(1)
Interjurisdictional,
174(5)
Coastal Zone Management Act,
174(3)
Chesapeake Bay Program,
177(1)
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission,
178(1)
Potomac River Fisheries Commission,
178(1)
International,
179(5)
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Convention,
179(1)
Convention on Biological Diversity,
180(1)
1995 Food and Agriculture Organization Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries,
181(1)
Ramsar Convention,
181(1)
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,
181(1)
World Trade Organization SPS Agreement,
182(1)
Office International des Epizootics Agreement,
183(1)
Summary,
184(3)
9 ELEMENTS OF RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF CRASSOSTREA ARIAKENSIS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY
187(45)
Background on Risk Assessment,
187(5)
Risk Factors,
192(30)
Ecological Risk,
192(6)
The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Code of Practice,
198(11)
Risk to Social, Economic, and Cultural Systems,
209(9)
Implementation Risk,
218(4)
Management Options,
222(8)
Option
1. Status Quo, No Introduction of Nonnative Oysters,
225(1)
Option
2. Open-Water Aquaculture of Triploid Oysters,
226(2)
Option
3. Introduction of Reproductive Diploid Oysters,
228(2)
Findings,
230(2)
10 DECISION MAKING AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 232(17)
To Introduce or Not to Introduce?
232(4)
Unrealistic Expectations and Common Misconceptions,
236(5)
Recommendations,
241(44)
Biosecurity Against Rogue Introductions,
241(1)
Development of Standards for Regulating Nonnative Oyster Aquaculture,
241(1)
Biological Research,
242(2)
Decision Making and Regulatory Framework,
244(2)
Economic and Sociocultural Analyses,
246(3)
REFERENCES 249(34)
APPENDIXES 283
A COMMITTEE AND STAFF BIOGRAPHIES
285(5)
B LETTER REPORT TO THE VIRGINIA MARINE RESOURCES COMMISSION
290(7)
C ACRONYMS
297(2)
D STATE LEGAL DOCUMENTS
299(2)
E FEDERAL LEGAL DOCUMENTS
301(2)
F INTERNATIONAL LAW DOCUMENTS
303(2)
G CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM REPORTS
305(1)
H COMMITTEE MEETING AGENDAS
306(4)
I LETTERS REQUESTING A STUDY ON NONNATIVE OYSTERS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY
310(10)
J GLOSSARY
320(3)
K SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES
323
Committee on Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay, National Research Council