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1 | (14) |
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Expectations and Perspective, |
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1 | (6) |
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Loss of the Native Oyster, |
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2 | (1) |
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How Might C. ariakensis Affect the Ecology of the Chesapeake Bay? |
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3 | (2) |
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What Are the Potential Economic and Social Impacts of a Nonnative Oyster? |
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5 | (2) |
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Adequacy of Regulatory and Institutional Structures, |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (8) |
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Option 1: Prohibit Introduction of Nonnative Oysters, |
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8 | (1) |
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Option 2: Open-Water Aquaculture of Triploid Oysters, |
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9 | (2) |
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Option 3: Introduction of Reproductive Diploid Oysters, |
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11 | (1) |
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Choosing Among the Management Alternatives, |
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12 | (1) |
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Recommendations for Establishing Standards for Nonnative Oyster Aquaculture, |
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13 | (2) |
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2 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW |
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15 | (13) |
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History of Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay, |
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15 | (7) |
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21 | (1) |
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Chesapeake Bay Limnology and Oceanography, |
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22 | (6) |
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22 | (3) |
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Changes in Human Population and Land Use, |
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25 | (1) |
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Nutrients and Sedimentation, |
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26 | (2) |
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3 BACKGROUND ON INTRODUCED SPECIES |
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28 | (32) |
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28 | (4) |
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Case Studies of Shellfish Introductions, |
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32 | (27) |
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32 | (7) |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (12) |
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Eastern and Gulf Coasts of North America, |
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54 | (5) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (40) |
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General Biology of Oysters, |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (6) |
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68 | (21) |
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68 | (4) |
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Ecological Value of C. virginica in Chesapeake Bay, |
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72 | (8) |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (5) |
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89 | (8) |
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89 | (5) |
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Disease and Disease Resistance, |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (3) |
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5 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF OYSTERS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY |
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100 | (20) |
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Maryland and Virginia State Summaries, |
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108 | (6) |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (3) |
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Recreational and Amenity Benefits, |
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114 | (4) |
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118 | (2) |
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6 HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF RESTORING NATIVE OYSTER REEFS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY |
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120 | (30) |
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120 | (5) |
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122 | (3) |
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History of Oyster Restoration in the Chesapeake Bay, |
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125 | (7) |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (4) |
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Evaluation of Oyster Resource Restoration Programs Before 1990, |
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131 | (1) |
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Current Oyster Restoration Programs, |
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132 | (11) |
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Evaluation of Contemporary Oyster Restoration Programs, |
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133 | (5) |
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Fishery-Driven Restoration Versus Ecological Restoration, |
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138 | (2) |
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Alternative Hatchery-Based Management Strategies, |
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140 | (2) |
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Draft Comprehensive Oyster Management Plan, |
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142 | (1) |
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Potential Constraints to Long-Term Restoration Projects, |
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143 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Baywide Recovery (10-fold Increase in Biomass), |
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144 | (1) |
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Self-Sustaining Oyster Populations, |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Sources of Shell for Reef Construction, |
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146 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Aspects of Restoration, |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (12) |
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Present Worldwide Status, |
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150 | (1) |
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Oyster Culture in Chesapeake Bay, |
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151 | (1) |
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Oyster Culture Worldwide, |
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151 | (5) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (4) |
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160 | (2) |
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8 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING PROPOSED INTRODUCTIONS |
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162 | (25) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (5) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Other States and Countries, |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (7) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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National Invasive Species Act, |
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168 | (1) |
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Federal Animal Protection Laws, |
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168 | (1) |
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Rivers and Harbors Act § 10 and Clean Water Act § 404 and Related Statutes, |
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169 | (2) |
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Other Issues Related to the Clean Water Act, |
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171 | (3) |
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Code of Conduct for Responsible Aquaculture Development in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone, |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (5) |
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Coastal Zone Management Act, |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (1) |
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Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, |
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178 | (1) |
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Potomac River Fisheries Commission, |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (5) |
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International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Convention, |
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179 | (1) |
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Convention on Biological Diversity, |
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180 | (1) |
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1995 Food and Agriculture Organization Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, |
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181 | (1) |
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World Trade Organization SPS Agreement, |
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182 | (1) |
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Office International des Epizootics Agreement, |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (3) |
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9 ELEMENTS OF RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF CRASSOSTREA ARIAKENSIS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY |
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187 | (45) |
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Background on Risk Assessment, |
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187 | (5) |
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192 | (30) |
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192 | (6) |
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The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Code of Practice, |
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198 | (11) |
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Risk to Social, Economic, and Cultural Systems, |
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209 | (9) |
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218 | (4) |
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222 | (8) |
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Option 1. Status Quo, No Introduction of Nonnative Oysters, |
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225 | (1) |
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Option 2. Open-Water Aquaculture of Triploid Oysters, |
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226 | (2) |
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Option 3. Introduction of Reproductive Diploid Oysters, |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (2) |
10 DECISION MAKING AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH |
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232 | (17) |
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To Introduce or Not to Introduce? |
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232 | (4) |
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Unrealistic Expectations and Common Misconceptions, |
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236 | (5) |
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241 | (44) |
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Biosecurity Against Rogue Introductions, |
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241 | (1) |
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Development of Standards for Regulating Nonnative Oyster Aquaculture, |
|
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (2) |
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Decision Making and Regulatory Framework, |
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244 | (2) |
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Economic and Sociocultural Analyses, |
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246 | (3) |
REFERENCES |
|
249 | (34) |
APPENDIXES |
|
283 | |
|
A COMMITTEE AND STAFF BIOGRAPHIES |
|
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285 | (5) |
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B LETTER REPORT TO THE VIRGINIA MARINE RESOURCES COMMISSION |
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290 | (7) |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (2) |
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E FEDERAL LEGAL DOCUMENTS |
|
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301 | (2) |
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F INTERNATIONAL LAW DOCUMENTS |
|
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303 | (2) |
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G CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM REPORTS |
|
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305 | (1) |
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H COMMITTEE MEETING AGENDAS |
|
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306 | (4) |
|
I LETTERS REQUESTING A STUDY ON NONNATIVE OYSTERS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY |
|
|
310 | (10) |
|
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320 | (3) |
|
K SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES |
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323 | |