More coastal municipalities are developing plans for sea water desalinization as inland fresh water sources decline, but are also facing significant energy costs in reverse osmosis that place projects out of their reach. This process, developed by the Long Beach Water Department, uses a dual-staged nanofiltration process, and in this sponsored report contributors cover both the theoretical and practical aspects of the system. They give a review of the literature and the theoretical basis for membrane characterization and function, describe membrane fouling and critical flux, give operational optimization techniques, including predictive and optimization models and tests, describe blending strategies and challenges from marine viruses and bacteria and alternatives, and make recommendations for suitable membranes, process operations and system integration. They include pilot data and references. Annotation ©2006 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
