Preface |
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xvii | |
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1 | (38) |
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Hilda Maria Hernandez-Hernandez |
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Socorro Josefina Vulanueva Rodriguez |
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Erico Marlon Moraes Flores |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Basic Principles of Ultrasound |
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3 | (3) |
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1.2.1 Generation of the Ultrasonic Wave |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Principles of Acoustic Cavitation |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 Mechanisms of Microbial Inactivation |
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6 | (11) |
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1.4 Ultrasound Application in the Food Industry |
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17 | (11) |
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1.4.1 Impact of Ultrasound on Physicochemical Quality Indicators of Food |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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1.4.1.2 Fruits and Vegetables |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Effects of Ultrasound Treatment on Sensory Characteristics of Foods |
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23 | (5) |
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28 | (11) |
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29 | (10) |
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2 Pulse Electric Field: Novel Technology in Food Processing |
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39 | (26) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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2.5 Factors Affecting PEF |
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44 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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2.6 Benefits and Shortcomings of PEF |
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46 | (1) |
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2.7 Application in Food Industry |
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47 | (6) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (3) |
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2.7.3 Improvement of Extraction of Intracellular Compounds |
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52 | (1) |
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2.8 Effect of PEF on Food Components |
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53 | (2) |
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2.8.1 Proximate Composition |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (10) |
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55 | (10) |
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3 An Overview of Membrane Technology in Dairy & Food Industry |
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65 | (44) |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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3.2 Terminology in Membrane Processing |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Retentive/Retentate |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Concentration Polarization |
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69 | (1) |
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3.2.6 Concentration Factor |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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3.2.10 Molecular Weight Cut-Off |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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3.3.1 Microporous Membrane |
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70 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Nonporous, Dense Membrane |
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71 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Electrically Charged Membranes |
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71 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Anisotropic Membranes (Asymmetrical) |
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71 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Ceramic, Metal and Liquid Membranes |
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72 | (1) |
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3.4 Processes in Membrane Technology |
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72 | (2) |
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3.4.1 Microfiltration (MF) |
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72 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Ultrafiltration (UF) |
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72 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Nano-Filtration (NF) |
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73 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Reverse Osmosis (RO) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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3.6 Mechanism of Mass Transfer in Membrane Separation |
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76 | (3) |
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3.6.1 Concentration Polarization (CP) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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3.6.3 Major Categories of Fouling |
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78 | (1) |
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3.6.3.1 Inorganic Fouling |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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3.6.3.3 Colloidal Fouling |
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78 | (1) |
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3.6.3.4 Biological Fouling |
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79 | (1) |
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3.7 Mechanism of Membrane Fouling |
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79 | (1) |
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3.8 Factors Influencing Fouling of Membrane |
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80 | (2) |
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3.8.1 Properties of Membrane |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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3.8.3 Operating Parameters |
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82 | (1) |
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3.9 Prevention of Membrane Fouling |
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82 | (1) |
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3.9.1 Type of Feed and Pre-Treatment |
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82 | (1) |
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3.9.2 Operating Parameters |
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83 | (1) |
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3.9.2.1 Operating Pressure |
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83 | (1) |
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3.9.2.2 Operating Temperature |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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3.10 Mass Transfer Model for Filtration Process in Absence of Fouling |
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83 | (2) |
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3.10.1 Diffusion Theory Through Dense Membrane |
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84 | (1) |
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3.10.2 Transfer Through Porous Membrane - Convective Transfer - Pore Flow Model |
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85 | (1) |
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3.11 Application of the Membrane Technology in Dairy Industry |
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85 | (3) |
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85 | (1) |
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3.11.1.1 Waste Water Processing |
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85 | (1) |
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3.11.1.2 Production of the Protein Concentrate |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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3.11.1.4 Separation of Micellar Casein from the Milk |
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86 | (1) |
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3.11.1.5 Pretreatment of the Cheese Milk |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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3.11.2.1 Enzyme Recovery and Concentration |
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87 | (1) |
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3.11.2.2 Cheese Manufacturing |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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3.12 Application of Membrane Technology in Food Industry |
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88 | (6) |
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89 | (1) |
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3.12.2 Clarification, Concentration, and Sterilization of Fruit Juices |
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89 | (1) |
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3.12.3 Concentration, De-Acidification, and Demineralization of Juices |
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90 | (1) |
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3.12.4 Demineralization of Sugar Syrup |
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91 | (1) |
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3.12.5 Manufacturing of Beverages Using Vegetable Proteins |
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91 | (1) |
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3.12.6 Rough Beer Clarification |
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92 | (1) |
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3.12.7 Preservation of Beer |
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92 | (1) |
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3.12.8 Membrane Processing in the Wine Industry |
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92 | (2) |
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3.12.9 Membrane Processing in Fish, Poultry, and Gelatin Industry |
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94 | (1) |
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3.13 Uses of Membrane Technology in Biotechnology |
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94 | (2) |
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3.13.1 Purification of Proteins |
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94 | (1) |
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3.13.2 Purification of Antibody |
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94 | (1) |
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3.13.3 Controlled Protein Digestion - A Substrate for Mass Spectroscopy |
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95 | (1) |
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3.13.4 Enantiomer Isolation from Racemic Mixtures |
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95 | (1) |
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3.14 Membrane Distillation |
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96 | (13) |
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98 | (11) |
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109 | (62) |
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Monica Queiroz de Freitas |
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109 | (2) |
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4.2 Principles and Methods of Plasma Generation |
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111 | (4) |
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4.3 Cold Plasma Applied in Food Systems |
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115 | (37) |
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4.3.1 Modification of Food Components Functionality |
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115 | (12) |
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4.3.2 Cold Plasma Mechanisms Involved in Microbial Inactivation |
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127 | (12) |
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4.3.3 Decontamination of Mycotoxins and Pesticides By Cold Plasma |
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139 | (3) |
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4.3.4 Cold Plasma Mechanisms Involved in Enzyme Inactivation |
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142 | (1) |
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4.3.5 Cold Plasma for Food Packaging |
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143 | (7) |
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4.3.6 Cold Plasma in Biofilms and Surfaces Treatment |
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150 | (1) |
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4.3.7 Cold Plasma in Wastewater Treatment |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (19) |
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152 | (19) |
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5 Utilization of Magnetic Fields in Food Industry |
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171 | (64) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (17) |
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5.2.1 Classification of Magnetic Fields |
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175 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Generation of Magnetic Field |
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176 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Magnetic Field Around a Current Carrying Conductor |
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177 | (2) |
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5.2.4 Effect of Magnetic Fields in Biological Systems |
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179 | (1) |
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5.2.4.1 Effect on Microorganisms |
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180 | (5) |
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5.2.4.2 Operating Conditions |
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185 | (1) |
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5.2.4.3 Characteristics of Magnetic Field |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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5.2.4.5 Microbial Growth Stage |
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185 | (1) |
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5.2.4.6 Electrical Resistivity |
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186 | (1) |
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5.2.4.7 Effect on Enzymes |
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186 | (4) |
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5.3 Potential Applications of Magnetic Fields in Food Industry |
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190 | (3) |
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5.3.1 Compositional Analysis |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (7) |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (24) |
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200 | (13) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Cereal and Cereal Products |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (4) |
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5.5.5 Other Food Applications |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (11) |
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224 | (11) |
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6 Microwaves Application to Food and Food Waste Processing |
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235 | (36) |
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6.1 Introduction to Microwave Technology. Basis of Photon-Matter Interaction in the Microwave Range |
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236 | (2) |
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6.2 Microwaves Applications to Food Process Monitoring |
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238 | (2) |
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6.3 Microwaves in Food Processing |
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240 | (6) |
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6.4 Microwaves Contribution to Food Waste Valorization Processes |
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246 | (7) |
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6.4.1 Microwaves as A Pretreatment for Food Waste Transformation Into Biofuels and Other Value-Added Products |
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246 | (5) |
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6.4.2 Microwaves Applied to the Recovery of Bio-Compounds from Food Wastes |
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251 | (2) |
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6.5 Microwaves for Functional Food Development and Increased Bioaccessibility |
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253 | (4) |
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6.6 Conclusions and Prospects |
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257 | (14) |
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258 | (13) |
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7 Radio-Frequency Technology in Food Processing |
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271 | (104) |
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272 | (1) |
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7.2 RF Technology and Principle |
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272 | (4) |
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7.2.1 Types and Equipment |
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274 | (2) |
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7.2.2 RF vs. Microwave (MW) Heating |
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276 | (1) |
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7.3 Application of RF in Processing |
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276 | (16) |
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276 | (9) |
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285 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Sterilization 8c Pasteurization |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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7.3.6 Thawing and Defrosting |
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290 | (1) |
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7.3.7 Inhibition of Anti-Nutritional Factors |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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7.4 Effect on Food Quality |
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292 | (57) |
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9.4.3 Insects and Pest Control |
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349 | (1) |
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9.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Irradiation of Food |
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349 | (2) |
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9.5.1 Advantages of Food Irradiation |
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349 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Disadvantages of Food Irradiation |
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350 | (1) |
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9.6 Factors Affecting Irradiation of Food |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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9.7 Interaction of Ionizing Radiation and Food Components |
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352 | (1) |
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9.8 Interaction of Ionizing Radiation and Biological Cells |
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353 | (1) |
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9.9 Interaction of Ionizing Radiation and Food Packaging Materials |
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354 | (1) |
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9.10 Detection and Risk Assessment |
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354 | (2) |
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9.10.1 Detection of Irradiation |
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354 | (1) |
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9.10.2 Risk Assessment of Irradiated Foods |
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354 | (2) |
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9.11 Consumer Behavior Towards Irradiated Food |
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356 | (1) |
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9.12 Standards, Regulations and Legislation on Food Irradiation |
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357 | (5) |
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9.12.1 International Standards |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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9.12.1.3 Plant Protection |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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9.12.2 National Regulations |
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360 | (1) |
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9.12.2.1 Regulations for Human Health |
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360 | (1) |
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9.12.2.2 Regulations for Labeling |
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361 | (1) |
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9.12.2.3 Regulations for Plant Health |
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361 | (1) |
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9.13 Future Perspectives and Conclusions |
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362 | (13) |
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362 | (13) |
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10 Active Packaging in Food Industry |
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375 | (30) |
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Ekta Sehgaland Kritika Raw at |
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376 | (2) |
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10.2 Active Packaging Components |
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378 | (6) |
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379 | (4) |
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10.2.2 Carbondioxide Absorber/Emitter |
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383 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Ethylene Scavengers |
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383 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Flavor & Odor Absorber/Emitter |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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10.3 Antimicrobial Packaging |
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384 | (6) |
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385 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Mechanism of Antimicrobial Agents |
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386 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Types of Antimicrobial Packaging |
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388 | (1) |
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10.3.3.1 Antimicrobial Agent Sachets/Pads are Inserted Into Packages |
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388 | (1) |
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103.3.2 Antimicrobial Agents are Directly Incorporated Into Polymers |
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389 | (1) |
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10.3.3.3 Coating or Adsorbing Antimicrobials to Polymer Surfaces |
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389 | (1) |
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10.3.3.4 Immobilization of Antimicrobials by Ionic or Covalent Linkages to Polymers |
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389 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Commercial Antimicrobial Packaging Products and Manufactures |
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390 | (1) |
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10.4 Uses of Active Packaging |
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390 | (1) |
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10.5 Comparison Between Active and Intelligent Packaging |
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390 | (1) |
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10.6 Market Report on Active and Intelligent Packaging |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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10.9 Safety Issues in Active Packaging |
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393 | (2) |
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10.10 Applications in Food Industry |
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395 | (2) |
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10.11 Recent Advancement in Antimicrobial Packaging Films |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (7) |
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399 | (6) |
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405 | (46) |
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Socorro Josefina Villlanueva-Rodriguez |
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405 | (2) |
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11.2 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2) Technology: General Aspects and Fundamentals |
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407 | (4) |
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11.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2) Processing |
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411 | (2) |
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11.4 Applications in Food Processing |
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413 | (22) |
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11.4.1 Extraction and Fractionation of Food Compounds |
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413 | (9) |
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11.4.2 Enzymatic and Microbial Inactivation |
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422 | (10) |
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11.4.3 Effects on Physicochemical Parameters |
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432 | (2) |
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11.4.4 Effects on Sensory Properties |
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434 | (1) |
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11.5 Advantages and Limitations of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2) |
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435 | (16) |
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441 | (10) |
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12 Image Processing for Food Safety and Quality |
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451 | (28) |
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452 | (2) |
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Image Acquisition Techniques |
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454 | (1) |
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1 Image acquisition Technique for External Quality Assessment |
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454 | (12) |
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454 | (2) |
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Principle of Computer Vision and Its Basic Components |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (5) |
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Application of Image Processing |
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462 | (1) |
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Sorting and Grading of Fruits and Vegetables |
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462 | (2) |
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Defect Detection of Fruits and Vegetables |
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464 | (1) |
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Cereals/Grains Assessment |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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2 Image Acquisition Technique for Internal Quality Assessment |
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466 | (7) |
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Application MRI, X-Ray and CT |
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471 | (2) |
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473 | (1) |
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473 | (6) |
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13 High Pressure Processing: An Overview |
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479 | (32) |
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480 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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13.3 Historical Background |
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481 | (2) |
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13.4 Principle of High Pressure Processing |
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483 | (3) |
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13.5 Classification of High Pressure Processing Equipment |
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486 | (2) |
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13.5.1 Pressure Application Based HPP Equipments |
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486 | (1) |
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13.5.2 Processing System Based HPP Equipments |
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487 | (1) |
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13.5.3 HPP Based on Energy Recovery System |
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488 | (1) |
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13.5.4 HPP System Based on Vessel Arrangement |
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488 | (1) |
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13.6 Effects of HPP on Food Derivatives |
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488 | (3) |
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13.6.1 Effect of HPP on Color, Texture and Sensory Attributes |
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488 | (1) |
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489 | (1) |
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13.6.3 Effect on Carbohydrates, Proteins and Molecular Weight of Molecules |
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490 | (1) |
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13.6.4 Effect of HPP on Other Bio-Active Molecules |
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491 | (1) |
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13.7 Effect on Microorganisms during HPP |
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491 | (4) |
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13.7.1 Critical Processing Parameters of HPP |
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492 | (1) |
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13.7.1.1 Pressure and Time |
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493 | (1) |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (1) |
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13.7.1.4 The Water Activity (aw) |
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495 | (1) |
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13.8 Kinetics Belongs to Microbial Growth and Inactivation |
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495 | (3) |
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495 | (2) |
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497 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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13.8.4 Spoilage Probability |
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497 | (1) |
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13.9 Packaging Importance in HPP |
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498 | (1) |
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13.10 High Pressure Processing Applications |
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499 | (3) |
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13.10.1 Fruits, Vegetables and Processed Food Products |
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500 | (2) |
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13.10.2 Meat and Sea-Foods |
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502 | (1) |
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13.11 Benefits and Drawbacks |
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502 | (2) |
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13.12 Future Prospects of the HPP |
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504 | (1) |
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504 | (7) |
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505 | (6) |
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14 Artificial Intelligence in Food Processing |
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511 | (40) |
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512 | (2) |
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14.2 Evolution of Artificial Intelligence |
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514 | (1) |
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14.3 Principles of Artificial Intelligence |
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515 | (3) |
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14.4 Global Developments in Artificial Intelligence |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
14.5 Artificial Intelligence and Food Processing |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
14.6 Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Food Processing |
|
|
521 | (18) |
|
14.6.1 Sorting Fresh Produce |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
14.6.2 Quality Assessment |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
14.6.2.1 Using AI Methods |
|
|
522 | (8) |
|
14.6.2.2 Using Integrated Computer Vision-AI System |
|
|
530 | (5) |
|
14.6.3 Flavor Identification |
|
|
535 | (2) |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
14.6.5 Food Safety Compliance |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
14.6.6 Cleaning Food Processing Equipment |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
14.6.7 Efficient Supply Chain Management |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
14.6.8 Anticipating Consumer Preferences |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
14.6.9 Developing New Products |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
539 | (12) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
541 | (10) |
|
|
551 | (46) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
552 | (2) |
|
15.2 Microbial Inactivation |
|
|
554 | (10) |
|
|
564 | (29) |
|
|
564 | (10) |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
574 | (6) |
|
|
580 | (4) |
|
15.3.3 Eggs and Egg Products |
|
|
584 | (2) |
|
|
586 | (5) |
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
15.5 Limitations and Advantages |
|
|
594 | (3) |
References |
|
597 | (14) |
Index |
|
611 | |