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E-grāmata: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition

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Since 1944, the National Research Council (NRC) has published seven editions of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. This reference has guided nutritionists and other professionals in academia and the dairy and feed industries in developing and implementing nutritional and feeding programs for dairy cattle.The eighth revised edition of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle builds on the previous editions. A great deal of new research has been published and there is a large amount of new information for many nutrients. This book represents a comprehensive review of the most recent information available on efficient, profitable, and environmentally conscious dairy cattle nutrition and ingredient composition.
Preface xvi
Acknowledgments xviii
Summary 1(3)
1 Defining Requirements
4(3)
Introduction
4(1)
Reporting and Application of the Requirements
5(1)
References
6(1)
2 Dry Matter Intake
7(14)
Introduction
7(1)
Physical Limitations
7(1)
Metabolic Control
8(3)
Integration of Signals
11(1)
Equations for Predicting Dry Matter Intake
12(2)
Feeding Management, Feeding Behavior, and Environmental Factors Affecting Feed Intake
14(3)
References
17(4)
3 Energy
21(19)
Energy Units
21(1)
Energy Values of Feeds
21(1)
Overall Energy Scheme
22(1)
Feed Fractions
22(2)
Estimating the Digestible Energy Value for Feeds and Diets
24(4)
Energy Requirements
28(9)
References
37(3)
4 Fat
40(17)
Introduction
40(1)
Rumen Metabolism, Digestion, and Absorption
41(1)
Model Used for Fatty Acid Digestion
42(5)
Milk Fat Composition
47(1)
Lactating Cow Responses to Dietary Fat
48(1)
Dietary Fat Interventions and Reproduction
49(1)
Dairy Fat and Human Health and Possible Modification of Milk Fat
50(2)
Summary
52(1)
References
53(4)
5 Carbohydrates
57(12)
Introduction
57(1)
Neutral Detergent Fiber
57(1)
Neutral Detergent-Soluble Carbohydrates
58(1)
Ruminal and Total-Tract Digestion
58(3)
Prediction of Ruminal Carbohydrate Digestibility
61(1)
Physically Effective Neutral Detergent Fiber
62(1)
Recommendations
63(3)
References
66(3)
6 Protein
69(36)
Introduction
69(1)
Major Differences from the Previous Version
69(2)
Metabolizable Protein and Amino Acid Supply
71(8)
Postabsorptive Use of Metabolizable Protein and Amino Acid
79(10)
Meeting the Recommendations for Metabolizable Protein and Amino Acid
89(5)
Protein and Dry Matter Intake
94(1)
Effects of Protein on Reproduction
95(1)
Urea Recycling and Energy Cost
96(1)
References
97(8)
7 Minerals
105(59)
Macrominerals
105(27)
Microminerals
132(17)
References
149(15)
8 Vitamins
164(22)
Introduction
164(1)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
164(9)
Water-Soluble Vitamins
173(5)
References
178(8)
9 Water
186(15)
Introduction
186(1)
Pools of Body Water
186(1)
Water Balance
187(2)
Water Losses
189(2)
Water Quality
191(5)
References
196(5)
10 Nutrient Requirements Of The Young Calf
201(54)
Introduction
201(1)
Body Weight Conversions
202(1)
Dry Matter Intake
202(1)
Energy Requirements of Calves
203(5)
Effects of Sources of Energy
208(2)
Protein Requirements
210(2)
Calculation of Metabolizable Energy Values of Feeds
212(2)
Validation of Model with Experimental Data
214(1)
Energy and Protein Requirements for Calves
215(3)
Mineral and Vitamin Requirements of Calves
218(5)
Practical Feeding Considerations
223(7)
Other Aspects of Calf Nutrition
230(9)
References
239(16)
11 Growth
255(12)
Introduction
255(1)
Energy and Protein Requirements for Growing Dairy Heifers
255(4)
Effects of Plane of Nutrition on Future Milk Production
259(3)
Total Requirements for Metabolizable Energy and Metabolizable Protein
262(1)
Target Body Weights at Breeding and Calving
262(1)
Predicting Gain from Available Metabolizable Energy and Metabolizable Protein
262(2)
Heifer Growth Programs
264(1)
Model Limitations and Research Needs
265(1)
References
265(2)
12 Dry And Transition Cows
267(22)
Metabolic and Physiologic Status of the Transition Cow
267(2)
Nutrient Requirements for Pregnancy and Transition
269(4)
Etiology and Nutritional Prevention of Metabolic Disorders
273(7)
References
280(9)
13 Dairy Production Systems
289(11)
Group Housed with Total Mixed Rations
289(1)
Pasture-Based Systems
290(3)
Feeding and Automatic Milking Systems
293(1)
Organic Dairy Systems
294(1)
Genetically Engineered Crops and Dairy Cattle
295(1)
References
296(4)
14 Dairy Cattle Nutrition And The Environment
300(14)
Introduction
300(1)
Methane
300(2)
Nitrogen
302(4)
Volatile Organic Compounds
306(1)
Integrated Approaches
306(1)
Minerals
307(1)
Total Manure
308(1)
References
309(5)
15 Feed By-Products
314(17)
Introduction
314(1)
Poorly Digestible Fiber
314(2)
Digestible Energy
316(2)
Protein Feeds
318(3)
Energy /Protein By-Products
321(4)
References
325(6)
16 Feed Additives
331(7)
Introduction
331(1)
Ionophores
331(1)
Yeast and Direct-Fed Microbials
332(1)
Silage Inoculants
333(1)
Enzymes
334(1)
Essential Oils and Other Phytonutrients
334(1)
References
335(3)
17 Agents That Are Toxic To Dairy Cattle
338(12)
Introduction
338(1)
Plant Secondary Compounds and Toxic Agents Produced in Plants
338(4)
Mycotoxins
342(1)
Microbes as Toxic Agents in Feed or Water
343(2)
Prions
345(1)
References
346(4)
18 Feed Analysis
350(10)
Introduction
350(1)
Chemical and Physical Analyses
350(5)
Digestion Analyses
355(3)
References
358(2)
19 Nutrient Composition Of Feeds
360(54)
Introduction
360(1)
Source of Data
360(1)
Statistical Analysis and Generation of Data
361(52)
References
413(1)
20 Model Description And Evaluation
414(56)
Model Abbreviations and Units
414(1)
Model Inputs
415(5)
Nutrient Supply Model
420(16)
Nutrient Utilization and Animal Production
436(26)
Model Evaluations
462(3)
Model Variance Relative to Animal Performance and Diet Specifications
465(4)
Model Application in R
469(1)
References
469(1)
21 Nutrient Requirement Tables
470(5)
APPENDIXES
A Statement Of Task
475(1)
B Acronyms And Abbreviations
476(4)
C Committee Member Biographies
480