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E-grāmata: Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats

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  • Formāts: 424 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 31-May-2006
  • Izdevniecība: National Academies Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780309488938
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  • Formāts: 424 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 31-May-2006
  • Izdevniecība: National Academies Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780309488938

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Updating recommendations last made by the National Research Council in the mid-1980s, this report provides nutrient recommendations based on physical activity and stage in life, major factors that influence nutrient needs. It looks at how nutrients are metabolized in the bodies of dogs and cats, indications of nutrient deficiency, and diseases related to poor nutrition. The report provides a valuable resource for industry professionals formulating diets, scientists setting research agendas, government officials developing regulations for pet food labeling, and as a university textbook for dog and cat nutrition. It can also guide pet owners feeding decisions for their pets with information on specific nutrient needs, characteristics of different types of pet foods, and factors to consider when feeding cats and dogs.
Overview 1(4)
Comparative Digestive Physiology of Dogs and Cats
5(17)
Introduction
5(1)
Digestive Compartments and Functions
6(6)
Mouth
6(1)
Esophagus
7(1)
Stomach
7(1)
Gastric Emptying
8(1)
Small Intestine, Pancreas, and Liver
8(2)
Large Intestine
10(2)
Hormonal Aspects of Digestion
12(1)
Measurement of, and Factors Affecting, Digestibility
12(5)
References
17(5)
Feeding Behavior of Dogs and Cats
22(6)
Food Ingestion by Feral Dogs and Cats
22(1)
Diurnal Rhythms, and Feeding and Drinking Patterns
22(1)
Role of Imprinting and Social Factors on Feeding Behavior
23(1)
Dietary Choice, Palatability, Learned Taste Aversions, and Preferences
24(1)
Control of Food Intake
25(1)
Feeding Recommendations
25(1)
References
26(2)
Energy
28(21)
Introduction
28(1)
Energy Evaluation and Requirements: Two Ways of Looking at the Issue
28(1)
Energy Evaluation
28(5)
Methods of Estimating Energy in Food
28(1)
Prediction of Energy Content
29(4)
Energy Requirements of Dogs
33(6)
Definitions
33(1)
Basis for Establishing Energy Requirements
33(1)
Basal Metabolic Rate
34(1)
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis and Resting Fed Metabolic Rate
35(1)
Adult Maintenance
35(1)
Gestation
36(1)
Lactation
37(1)
Growth
38(1)
Physical Activity
39(1)
Energy Requirements of Cats
39(6)
Basis for Establishing Energy Requirements
39(1)
Basal Metabolic Rate and Dietary Thermogenesis
40(1)
Adult Maintenance
40(2)
Gestation
42(1)
Lactation
42(3)
Growth
45(1)
Energy Deficiency and Excess in Dogs and Cats
45(1)
Body Condition
45(1)
References
45(4)
Carbohydrates and Fiber
49(32)
Definition, Classification, and Measurement
49(2)
Absorbable Carbohydrates
49(1)
Digestible Carbohydrates
49(1)
Fermentable Carbohydrates
49(2)
Nonfermentable Carbohydrates
51(1)
Absorbable Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides and Sugar Alcohols)
51(3)
Presence in Foodstuffs
51(1)
Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization
51(1)
Factors Affecting Digestibility, Absorption, and Utilization
51(1)
Nutritive Value
52(1)
Physicochemical Effects
52(1)
Physiological Effects
52(2)
Health-Related Characteristics
54(1)
Digestible Carbohydrates (Disaccharides, Certain Oligosaccharides, and Nonstructural Polysaccharides)
54(6)
Presence in Foodstuffs
54(1)
Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization
54(1)
Factors Affecting Digestibility, Absorption, and Utilization
55(2)
Nutritive Value
57(1)
Physicochemical Effects
57(1)
Physiological Effects
58(1)
Health-Related Characteristics
59(1)
Fermentable Carbohydrates (Lactose, Certain Oligosaccharides, Dietary Fibers, and Resistant Starch)
60(9)
Presence in Foodstuffs
60(1)
Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization
60(1)
Factors Affecting Digestibility, Absorption, and Utilization
61(1)
Nutritive Value
62(1)
Physicochemical Effects
62(1)
Physiological Effects
63(4)
Health-Related Characteristics
67(2)
Poorly Fermentable Carbohydrates (Cellulose and Wheat Bran)
69(3)
Presence in Foodstuffs
69(1)
Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization
69(1)
Factors Affecting Digestibility, Absorption, and Utilization
70(1)
Nutritive Value
70(1)
Physicochemical Effects
70(1)
Physiological Effects
70(1)
Health-Related Characteristics
71(1)
Carbohydrates in Dog and Cat Diet Formulations
72(2)
References
74(7)
Fat and Fatty Acids
81(30)
Importance of Dietary Fats and Fatty Acids
81(1)
Types and Sources of Dietary Fats and Fatty Acids
81(3)
Nomenclature
81(1)
Sources
82(1)
Trans Fatty Acids
83(1)
Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols
83(1)
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
83(1)
Other Sources
84(1)
Analytical Procedures
84(1)
Acid Hydrolysis
84(1)
Extraction and Saponification of Fatty Acids
84(1)
Extraction for Total Lipid Analysis
84(1)
Fat Energy and Nutrient Density
85(1)
Digestion and Absorption
85(2)
Preduodenal Lipase
85(1)
Pancreatic Lipase
85(1)
Other Lipases
86(1)
Summary of Triacylglycerol Hydrolysis
86(1)
Absorption
86(1)
Digestibility
87(1)
Biochemical Basis of Fatty Acid Essentiality
88(2)
Biosynthesis
88(1)
Desaturation and Elongation
88(1)
Fatty Acid Ratios
88(2)
Essential Fatty Acid Utilization for Structure and Function
90(1)
Comparative Studies
90(2)
Membrane Composition and Integrity
90(1)
Lipid-Protein Interactions
90(1)
Eicosanoid Production
90(1)
Growth and Development
91(1)
Canine Studies
92(3)
Signs of Deficiency or Excess
92(1)
Skin and Hair Coat
93(1)
Inflammatory and Immune Cell Structure and Function
94(1)
Feline Studies
95(2)
Signs of Deficiency or Excess
95(1)
Evidence for Limited δ6 Desaturase Activities
96(1)
Dietary LCPUFA and Feline Life Stage
96(1)
Immune, Inflammatory, and Platelet Cell Functions
97(1)
Requirements, Recommendations, and Allowances
97(1)
Essential Fatty Acids for Dogs and Cats
98(1)
Dogs
98(4)
Fat Content of Diets: Preferences, Minima, and Maxima
98(1)
Growth
99(1)
Adult Maintenance
100(1)
Gestation and Lactation
101(1)
Cats
102(2)
Fat Content of Diets: Preferences, Minima, and Maxima
102(1)
Growth
102(1)
Adult Maintenance
103(1)
Gestation and Lactation
104(1)
References
104(7)
Protein and Amino Acids
111(34)
Basic Concepts
111(3)
Introduction
111(1)
Structure and Function
111(1)
Essentiality of Amino Acids
112(1)
Digestibility and Bioavailability of Protein and Amino Acids
112(2)
Assessing Protein and Amino Acid Status
114(1)
Requirements, Allowances, and Tolerances of Protein and Amino Acids
114(23)
Role of Metabolic Adaptation in Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition
114(2)
Nitrogen (Crude Protein) Minimum Requirements, Recommended Allowances, and Adequate Intakes
116(4)
Amino Acid Minimum Requirements, Recommended Allowances, Adequate Intakes, and Safe Upper Limits
120(14)
Dispensable Amino Acids
134(3)
Amino Acid Imbalances and Antagonisms
137(1)
References
138(7)
Minerals
145(48)
Introduction
145(1)
Minerals and Acid-Base Balance
145(2)
Macrominerals
147(21)
Calcium
147(5)
Phosphorus
152(4)
Magnesium
156(3)
Sodium
159(3)
Potassium
162(4)
Chloride
166(2)
Trace Minerals
168(16)
Iron
168(3)
Copper
171(2)
Zinc
173(4)
Manganese
177(2)
Selenium
179(2)
Iodine
181(3)
Other Minerals
184(2)
Arsenic
184(1)
Boron
184(1)
Chromium
184(1)
Molybdenum
185(1)
Silicon
185(1)
Nickel
185(1)
Vanadium
186(1)
Miscellaneous Minerals
186(1)
References
186(7)
Vitamins
193(53)
Introduction
193(1)
Vitamin A
194(6)
Absorption, Transport, and Storage
195(1)
Biological Function
196(1)
Dogs
197(2)
Cats
199(1)
Vitamin D
200(5)
Absorption, Transport, and Storage
200(1)
Biological Function
201(1)
Dogs
201(3)
Cats
204(1)
Vitamin E
205(5)
Absorption
206(1)
Biological Function
206(2)
Dogs
208(1)
Cats
209(1)
Vitamin K
210(2)
Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion
210(1)
Biological Function
210(1)
Dogs
211(1)
Cats
212(1)
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
212(4)
Absorption
213(1)
Biological Function
213(1)
Dogs
213(2)
Cats
215(1)
Riboflavin
216(2)
Absorption
216(1)
Biological Function
216(1)
Dogs
216(1)
Cats
217(1)
Vitamin B6
218(2)
Absorption, Transport, and Storage
218(1)
Biological Function
218(1)
Dogs
219(1)
Cats
220(1)
Niacin
220(3)
Absorption
221(1)
Biological Function
221(1)
Dogs
222(1)
Cats
223(1)
Pantothenic Acid
223(2)
Absorption, Transport, and Storage
223(1)
Biological Function
224(1)
Dogs
224(1)
Cats
225(1)
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
225(2)
Absorption
225(1)
Biological Function
226(1)
Dogs
226(1)
Cats
227(1)
Folic Acid
227(3)
Absorption, Transport, and Storage
228(1)
Biological Function
228(1)
Dogs
228(1)
Cats
229(1)
Biotin
230(1)
Absorption
230(1)
Biological Function
230(1)
Dogs
231(1)
Cats
231(1)
Choline
231(3)
Absorption
232(1)
Biological Function
232(1)
Dogs
232(1)
Cats
233(1)
Ascorbic Acid
234(1)
Biological Function
234(1)
Dogs
235(1)
Cats
235(1)
Vitamin-Like Substances
235(1)
Vitamin Losses During Processing and Storage of Dog and Cat Foods
236(1)
References
237(9)
Water
246(6)
General Principles
246(1)
Function
246(1)
Regulation of Intake by Dogs and Cats
246(1)
Deficiency in Dogs and Cats
247(1)
Requirements of Dogs
247(2)
Requirements for Maintenance
247(1)
Requirements for Other Life Stages
248(1)
Requirements for Work and Environmental Stress
248(1)
Requirements of Cats
249(1)
Requirements for Maintenance and Other Life Stages
249(1)
Water and Feline Lower Urinary Tract Health
249(1)
Recommended Allowances
249(1)
Toxicity in Dogs and Cats
250(1)
References
250(2)
Special Considerations for Laboratory Animals
252(6)
Requirements
252(1)
Energy
252(1)
Nutrients Other Than Energy
252(1)
Food Selection
252(3)
General
252(2)
Certified Diets
254(1)
Purified and Chemically Defined Diets
254(1)
Foods for Specific Dietary Purposes (e.g., Medical Foods)
254(1)
Feeding Management
255(1)
Life-Stage Designation of Food
255(1)
Form of Food
255(1)
Amount Fed
255(1)
Frequency of Feeding
256(1)
Storage of Food
256(1)
References
256(2)
Physical Activity and Environment
258(55)
Introduction
258(1)
Calculations and Assumptions
258(1)
How Much Exercise Do Dogs and Cats Undertake?
259(1)
Dogs
259(1)
Cats
260(1)
Types of Exercise: Sprinting Versus Endurance
260(1)
Sprint Exercise Over a Distance of Less Than One Kilometer
260(1)
Endurance Exercise Over Distances Greater Than One Kilometer
260(1)
Traditional Diets Fed to Racing Dogs
260(2)
Sled Dogs
260(2)
Greyhounds
262(1)
Diet and Health During Exercise
262(3)
Effect of Exercise on Intestinal Function
262(1)
Exercise and Digestibility
263(1)
When to Feed Exercising Dogs
263(2)
Exercise and Body Condition
265(1)
Effect of Confinement and Training
266(1)
Energy Requirements
267(6)
Minimal Metabolism
267(1)
Anxiety
267(1)
Circadian Rhythms
268(1)
Cold-Induced Thermogenesis
268(4)
Nutrients in a Warm Environment
272(1)
Effect of Reduced Oxygen at High Altitude
272(1)
Effect of Exercise on Energy Requirements
273(11)
Effect of Exercise on Energy Required in the Absence of Exercise
273(1)
Energy Required for Exercise: Dynamic Exercise (Short Runs) Versus Steady-State Exercise (Long Runs)
273(6)
Maximal Oxygen Consumption
279(2)
Intensity of Exercise
281(1)
Field Metabolic Rate
281(3)
Nutrient Requirements
284(20)
How May Nutrient Requirements Change with Exercise or in the Cold?
284(1)
Sources of Energy: Fat Versus Carbohydrate
285(2)
Protein and Exercise
287(4)
Studies That Have Altered Both Fat and Protein in the Diet of Exercising Dogs
291(1)
Dietary Carbohydrate and Exercise
292(1)
Importance of Water and Water Requirements at High Ambient Temperatures
292(1)
Exercised-Induced Hyperthermia and the Importance of Water During Exercise
293(1)
Water Requirements at Rest and During Exercise
294(2)
Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride
296(2)
Fluids Containing Electrolytes
298(1)
Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium
298(1)
Trace Minerals
299(1)
Vitamins
300(3)
Other Nutrients
303(1)
References
304(9)
Diet Formulation and Feed Processing
313(6)
Petfood Processing
313(1)
General Considerations
313(1)
Dogs
313(1)
Cats
313(1)
Petfood Categories
313(4)
Dry Petfoods
313(1)
Semi-moist Petfoods
314(1)
Soft-Expanded (Soft Dry) Petfoods
315(1)
Baked Petfoods
315(1)
Starch-Lipid Complexes
315(1)
Snacks for Pets
315(1)
Canned (Wet) Petfoods
316(1)
Homemade Diets
317(1)
Diet Formulation
317(1)
Summary
317(1)
References
318(1)
Nutrient Composition of Ingredients Used in Dog and Cat Foods
319(25)
References
343(1)
Other Food Constituents
344(10)
Constituents Intended for Nutritive Value
344(4)
Introduction
344(1)
Chondroprotective Agents
344(1)
Antioxidants
345(2)
Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials) and Enzymes
347(1)
Herbs and Botanicals
347(1)
Other
348(1)
Constituents Intended for Technical or Nonnutritive Effects on Food
348(3)
Introduction
348(1)
Preservatives
348(2)
Flavors and Extracts
350(1)
Colors
350(1)
Other Additives
351(1)
References
351(3)
Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Nutrient Concentrations
354(23)
Use of Nutrient Requirement Tables
355(15)
Recommendations Relative to ME Compared with Requirements Relative to DM
355(1)
Requirements Relative to ME in the Food Compared with Requirements Relative to BW
355(1)
Note on Bioavailability
356(14)
References
370(1)
APPENDIXES
About the Authors
371(3)
Acronyms and Abbreviations
374(3)
Index 377
Subcommittee on Dog and Cat Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council