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Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates: Second Revised Edition 2nd Revised edition [Mīkstie vāki]

  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 306 pages, height x width: 279x216 mm
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Mar-2003
  • Izdevniecība: National Academies Press
  • ISBN-10: 0309069890
  • ISBN-13: 9780309069892
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  • Cena: 82,03 €
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 306 pages, height x width: 279x216 mm
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Mar-2003
  • Izdevniecība: National Academies Press
  • ISBN-10: 0309069890
  • ISBN-13: 9780309069892
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
This new release presents the wealth of information gleaned about nonhuman primates nutrition since the previous edition was published in 1978. With expanded coverage of natural dietary habits, gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology, and the nutrient needs of species that have been difficult to maintain in captivity, it explores the impact on nutrition of physiological and life-stage considerations: infancy, weaning, immune function, obesity, aging, and more. The committee also discusses issues of environmental enrichment such as opportunities for foraging.



Based on the world's scientific literature and input from authoritative sources, the book provides best estimates of nutrient requirements. The volume covers requirements for energy: carbohydrates, including the role of dietary fiber; proteins and amino acids; fats and fatty acids; minerals, fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins; and water. The book also analyzes the composition of important foods and feed ingredients and offers guidelines on feed processing and diet formulation.



Table of Contents



Front Matter Overview 1 Feeding Ecology, Digestive Strategies, and Implications for Feeding Programs in Captivity 2 Energy 3 Carbohydrates and Fiber 4 Protein 5 Fats and Fatty Acids 6 Minerals 7 Vitamins 8 Water 9 Pathophysiologic and Life-Stage Considerations 10 Diet Formulation, Effects of Processing, Factors Affecting Intake, and Dietary Husbandry 11 Nutrient Requirements 12 Composition of Foods and Feed Ingredients 13 Food as a Component of Environmental Enhancement Appendix About the Authors Index
Overview 1(4)
Feeding Ecology, Digestive Strategies, and Implications for Feeding Programs in Captivity
5(36)
Feeding Ecology
5(15)
Feeding-Ecology, Methods Involving Visual Observations of Behavior
5(1)
Observation Options
5(1)
Sampling Methods
5(8)
Alternative Feeding-Ecology Methods
13(1)
Analysis of Stomach Contents
13(3)
Fecal Analysis
16(1)
Food Remnants
16(2)
Reporting Feeding Behavior
18(1)
Feeding Time
18(1)
Mass of a Food as Percentage of Total Diet Mass
18(1)
Feeding-Ecology Tables
18(1)
Plant-Feeding Strategies
19(1)
Insect Foraging and Feeding
19(1)
Additional Considerations
19(1)
How to Use This Information
20(1)
Digestive Strategies
20(6)
Faunivores
21(1)
Frugivores
21(3)
Folivores
24(2)
Implications for Feeding Programs in Captivity
26(1)
References
27(14)
Energy
41(17)
Units of Measurement
41(1)
Classification
41(1)
Gross Energy
41(1)
Digestible Energy
41(1)
Metabolizable Energy
42(1)
Physiologic Fuel Values
42(1)
Requirements
42(12)
Basal Energy Expenditures or Basal Metabolic Rate
43(1)
Estimating Basal Metabolic Rate
43(1)
Effects of Age and Body Composition on Basal Metabolic Rate
43(1)
Energy Requirements for Maintenance
43(5)
Energy Requirements for Growth
48(5)
Energy Requirements for Pregnancy and Lactation
53(1)
References
54(4)
Carbohydrates and Fiber
58(17)
Carbohydrate Classification, Characteristics, Digestion, and Metabolism
58(3)
Monosaccharides
58(1)
Disaccharides
59(1)
Oligosaccharides
59(1)
Polysaccharides
59(1)
Starch and Starch-Like Polysaccharides
59(1)
Non-Starch Polysaccharides
59(2)
Analytical Procedures for Carbohydrate and Fiber
61(3)
Crude Fiber
61(1)
Total Dietary Fiber
61(1)
Neutral-Detergent Fiber and Related Fractions
62(2)
Carbohydrates in Wild Food Plants
64(2)
Significance of Fiber
66(2)
Proposed Fiber Intakes by Nonhuman Primates
68(2)
Fiber Recommendations for Other Species
68(1)
Fiber in Wild Food Plants as Guides for Captive-Diet Fiber Concentrations
68(2)
Fiber Digestion by Nonhuman Primates as a Guide for Captive-Diet Fiber Concentrations
70(1)
Proposed NDF and ADF Concentrations in Captive Nonhuman Primate Diets
70(1)
References
70(5)
Protein
75(12)
Protein Sources
75(1)
Assessment of Protein Requirements
75(2)
Methods
75(1)
Digestibility
76(1)
Requirements
77(1)
Protein Quality
77(1)
Proteins Limiting in Sulfur Amino Acids
77(1)
Proteins Limiting in Lysine
78(1)
Amino Acid Requirements
78(1)
Lysine and Methionine
78(1)
Phenylalanine
79(1)
Tryptophan
79(1)
Taurine
79(1)
Efficiency of Protein Use
79(1)
Protein Deficiency
80(1)
Protein for Pregnancy and Lactation
80(1)
Protein-Calorie Malnutrition in Young Primates
80(3)
Protein Excess
83(1)
Non-Amino-Acid Effects of Protein Sources
83(1)
References
84(3)
Fats and Fatty Acids
87(7)
Fat Absorption
88(1)
Milk Fats
89(1)
Essential n-3 Fatty Acids
89(1)
Essential n-6 Fatty Acids
90(1)
Detrimental Fatty Acids
91(1)
Cholesterol
91(1)
Primates as Cardiovascular Disease Models
92(1)
References
92(2)
Minerals
94(19)
Macrominerals
95(3)
Calcium and Phosphorus
95(2)
Magnesium
97(1)
Potassium
98(1)
Sodium
98(1)
Chloride
98(1)
Sulfur
98(1)
Trace Minerals
98(9)
Iron
98(2)
Copper
100(1)
Manganese
101(1)
Zinc
102(2)
Iodine
104(1)
Selenium
104(2)
Cobalt
106(1)
Chromium
106(1)
Fluorine
107(1)
References
107(6)
Vitamins
113(37)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
113(3)
Vitamin A and Carotenoids
113(1)
Measures of Biologic Activity
113(1)
Absorption and Circulation of Carotenoids
114(1)
Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Feedstuffs
114(1)
Absorption, Circulation, and Storage of Vitamin A
114(1)
Vitamin A Deficiency
115(1)
Vitamin A Requirements
115(1)
Hypervitaminosis A
115(1)
Vitamin D
116(6)
Photobiology, Metabolism, and Function of Vitamin D
116(1)
Measures of Vitamin D Activity
117(1)
Vitamin D Deficiency
117(1)
Discrimination Between Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3
118(1)
Metabolic Resistance to Vitamin D3 in Callitrichids
118(2)
Animals Not Exposed to Natural Sunlight or Unable to Make Vitamin D in Their Skin
120(1)
Vitamin D Requirements
120(1)
Hypervitaminosis D
121(1)
Vitamin E
122(4)
Chemistry and Measures of Activity
122(1)
Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion
123(1)
Biologic Functions
124(1)
Vitamin E Deficiency
124(1)
Vitamin E Requirements
125(1)
Vitamin K
126(2)
Water-Soluble Vitamins
128(14)
Thiamin
128(1)
Riboflavin
129(1)
Pantothenic Acid
130(1)
Niacin
131(1)
Vitamin B6
132(1)
Biotin
133(1)
Folacin
134(1)
Vitamin B12
135(2)
Vitamin C
137(3)
Choline
140(1)
Carnitine
141(1)
Inositol
141(1)
References
142(8)
Water
150(9)
Water Content of the Body
150(3)
Effects of Activity Restriction
152(1)
Effects of Cold
152(1)
Effects of Heat and Water Deprivation
152(1)
Water Sources
153(1)
Liquid Water Intake
153(1)
Preformed-Water Intake
154(1)
Metabolic Water
154(1)
Water Loss
154(1)
Water Quality
155(1)
Water Requirements
156(1)
References
157(2)
Pathophysiologic and Life-Stage Considerations
159(23)
Body Weight
159(1)
Nutrition from Birth to Weaning
159(8)
Growth
159(2)
Mother-Reared Infants
161(1)
Artificially Reared Infants
161(1)
Milk Volume and Composition
161(1)
Volume
161(3)
Composition of Mother's Milk
164(1)
Nutrient Intakes for Milk Replacers
164(1)
Formulas Used for Artificially Rearing Infant Nonhuman Primates
165(1)
Long-Term Consequences of Different Modes of Infant Feeding
166(1)
Weaning Foods and Strategies
167(1)
Nutrition and Aging
167(4)
Dietary Restriction
167(3)
Bone
170(1)
Immunology
170(1)
Wound Healing
170(1)
Atherosclerosis
171(1)
Body Composition
171(1)
Obesity
172(4)
Regulation of Glucose Metabolism
174(1)
Diabetes
174(2)
References
176(6)
Diet Formulation, Effects of Processing, Factors Affecting Intake, and Dietary Husbandry
182(9)
Diet Formulation
182(1)
Natural Dietary Habits
182(1)
Digestive System Structure and Physiology
182(1)
Nutrient Requirements
182(1)
Feedstuffs
182(1)
Diet Formulation
182(1)
Effects of Processing
183(1)
Factors Affecting Intake
184(2)
Influence of Visual, Olfactory, Taste, and Tactile Clues on Food Acceptance
185(1)
Regulation of Food Intake
185(1)
Dietary Husbandry
186(2)
Primary Food Source
186(1)
Supplements
186(1)
Browse
187(1)
References
188(3)
Nutrient Requirements
191(4)
References
194(1)
Composition of Foods and Feed Ingredients
195(64)
References
195(64)
Food as a Component of Environmental Enhancement
259(7)
Goal of Environmental Enhancement
259(1)
Role of Food and Foraging
259(4)
Wild Environment versus Captivity
260(1)
Species Differences
261(1)
Manipulation of Foraging Opportunities
261(1)
Live Prey
262(1)
Exudates and Gums
262(1)
Water
262(1)
Higher-Fiber Foods
263(1)
Epilogue
263(1)
References
263(3)
Appendix 266(3)
About the Authors 269(4)
Index 273


Committee on Animal Nutrition, Ad Hoc Committee on Nonhuman Primate Nutrition, National Research Council