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E-grāmata: Obesity and Gynecology

Edited by (Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy and Clinical Senior Lecturer, University of St. Andrews, UK), Edited by (Professor Emeritus, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St Georges University of London, London,), Edited by
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  • Izdošanas datums: 11-Jun-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128179208
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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-Jun-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128179208

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Obesity and Gynecology, Second Edition, presents updated chapters on a variety of topics, ranging from adolescent obesity, contraception, assisted reproduction and sexual dysfunction, to bariatric surgery and improving semen parameters. The prevalence of obesity in men and women continues to dramatically increase around the world. Obesity presents specific challenges in relation to male and female infertility and general gynecology. Patients who are obese require specific considerations and knowledge.

  • Presents an essential reference on the significant risks of obesity related to contraception, male and female infertility, and general gynecology
  • Builds foundational knowledge, showing how obesity relates to general gynecology, including menstrual disorders, breasts cancer, menopause and sexual dysfunction
  • Assembles critically evaluated chapters that focus on obesity and gynecology to meet the practical needs of gynecologists, endocrinologists and general practitioners
List of contributors
xiii
About the editors xvii
Preface---obesity in gynaecology xix
Section 1 Obesity and adolescence
1 Obesity and the onset of adolescence
Zana Bumbuliene
Gabriele Tridenti
Anastasia Vatopoulou
Obesity in childhood and adolescence: definition
3(1)
Obesity in childhood and adolescence: incidence
3(1)
Obesity in children and adolescents: etiology
4(3)
Obesity and puberty: pathophysiology
7(1)
Obesity and pubertal development
8(1)
Obesity in childhood and adolescence: clinical manifestation
9(1)
Obesity in children and adolescents: counseling
9(2)
Obesity in children and adolescents: management
11(1)
References
11(4)
2 Obesity in adolescence
Gail Busby
Mourad W. Seif
Introduction
15(1)
Prevalence of childhood obesity: a global perspective
15(1)
Obesity and the pubertal transition
16(1)
Factors affecting childhood and adolescent obesity
16(1)
Adolescent obesity---adverse outcomes
16(1)
Polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescence
17(1)
Obstetric outcomes in obese adolescents
18(1)
Management principles
19(1)
Management of polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescence
20(1)
Psychological morbidity
21(1)
Conclusion
21(1)
References
21(2)
3 Obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility
Ioannis E. Messinis
Christina I. Messini
Konstantinos Dafopoulos
Introduction
23(1)
Obesity and infertility---possible mechanisms
23(3)
Diet, lifestyle changes, and bariatric surgery
26(1)
Clomiphene citrate
27(1)
Aromatase inhibitors
28(1)
Follicle-stimulating hormone
28(1)
Insulin sensitizers
29(1)
In vitro fertilization
29(1)
References
30(7)
Section 2 Contraception
4 Obesity and sexual health
Sharon Cameron
Michelle Cooper
Introduction
37(1)
Obesity and sexual behavior
37(1)
Obesity and sexual function
38(1)
Obesity and sexual health outcomes
39(1)
Conclusion
40(1)
References
40(3)
5 Obesity and contraception
Sujeetha Damodaran
Krishnan Swaminathan
Introduction
43(1)
Risks of obesity in pregnancy
43(1)
Classification of obesity based on body mass index
43(1)
Potential concerns with obesity and contraception
43(1)
Obesity and contraceptive efficacy
44(1)
Evidence (or lack of) for contraceptive efficacy in overweight or obese women
45(1)
Safety of hormonal contraceptives in obese women
46(3)
Obesity, contraception, and cardiovascular disease
49(1)
Obesity, contraception, and venous thromboembolism
49(1)
Obesity, contraception, and cancer
50(1)
Contraceptive issues after bariatric surgery
50(1)
Intrauterine contraceptive devices in obese women
51(1)
Sterilization procedures in obese women
51(1)
References
52(5)
6 Contraceptive choices for women before and after bariatric surgery
Agnieszka Jurga-Karwacka
Johannes Bitzer
Introduction---Bariatric Surgery
57(1)
Long acting contraceptives
58(3)
Progesterone-only injection
61(1)
Oral hormonal contraception [ 56]
62(1)
Progestogen-only pill
62(1)
Safety and health benefits
62(1)
Contraceptive patch and ring
63(1)
Barrier method
63(1)
Emergency contraception
63(1)
References
63(4)
7 Long-term contraceptive care in obese and superobese women
Johannes Bitzer
Introduction
67(1)
Combined hormonal contraceptives
67(1)
Copper intrauterine device
68(1)
Levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine systems
69(1)
Etonogestrel-releasing implant
70(2)
References
72(5)
Section 3 Male and female Infertility
8 Obesity and hirsutism
Mostafa Metwally
Introduction
77(1)
Obesity and ovarian function
77(1)
Obesity and androgen production
77(1)
Hirsutism
77(1)
Obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome
78(1)
The role of adrenal androgens in obese women with hirsutism
78(1)
Management of hirsutism associated with obesity
78(1)
Treatment
79(2)
Conclusion
81(1)
References
81(2)
9 Obesity and female infertility
Suresh Kini
Mythili Ramalingam
Tahir A. Mahmood
Introduction
83(1)
Epidemiology
83(1)
Pathophysiological basis of infertility in obese women
83(2)
The clinical effects of obesity on female infertility
85(2)
Challenges of managing obese women
87(1)
Treatment options
87(2)
Conclusion
89(1)
References
89(2)
10 Obesity and recurrent miscarriage
Andrew C. Pearson
Tahir A. Mahmood
Introduction
91(1)
Obesity and miscarriage
91(1)
Obesity and recurrent miscarriage
92(1)
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
92(1)
Ovarian dysfunction
92(1)
Endometrial changes in obesity
93(1)
Immunological factors
93(1)
Male obesity and recurrent miscarriage
93(1)
Management
93(2)
Conclusion
95(1)
References
95(2)
11 Obesity and assisted reproduction
Mark Hamilton
Abha Maheshwari
Introduction
97(1)
Prevalence of obesity in the assisted reproduction sector
97(1)
Evidence of reduced fertility in the obese
97(1)
Specific issues relating to assisted reproduction treatment
98(1)
Rationale for the use of assisted reproduction
98(1)
Practical management of obese women undertaking assisted reproduction treatment
99(1)
Clinical procedures
99(1)
Effect of obesity on the results of assisted reproduction treatment
100(1)
Safety issues for mothers and offspring
101(1)
Ethical issues relevant to access to services
102(1)
Conclusion
103(1)
References
103(2)
12 Obesity and sexual dysfunction in men
Darius A. Paduch
Laurent Vaucher
Physiology of sexual function
105(5)
Sexual dysfunction and obesity-related comorbidities
110(3)
Multidisciplinary approach to treatment
113(3)
References
116(3)
13 Male obesity---impact on semen quality
Vanessa Kay
Sarah Martins da Silva
Introduction
119(1)
Impact on semen quality
119(1)
Combined semen parameters
120(1)
Etiological theories
121(2)
Treatment
123(1)
Conclusion
124(1)
References
124(3)
14 Evidence-based assisted reproduction in obese women
Brenda F. Narice
Mostafa Metwally
Introduction
127(1)
Impaired ovarian folliculogenesis
127(1)
Altered endometrial receptivity
128(1)
Obesity and in vitro fertilization
128(1)
Obesity and frozen-thawed embryo transfer
129(1)
Obesity and intrauterine insemination
129(1)
Conclusion
129(1)
References
130(5)
15 Obesity, bariatric surgery, and male reproductive function
Man-wa Lui
Jyothis George
Richard A. Anderson
Introduction
135(1)
Bariatric surgical techniques
135(1)
Pathophysiology in obesity
136(2)
Obesity and spermatogenesis
138(1)
Obesity and Sertoli cell function
139(1)
Obesity and erectile dysfunction
139(1)
Transgenerational epigenetic effects
139(1)
Practical considerations
139(1)
References
140(3)
16 Medical interventions to improve outcomes in infertile obese women planning for pregnancy
Vikram Talaulikar
Introduction
143(1)
Impact of high body mass index on fertility and pregnancy
143(1)
Lifestyle interventions to improve outcomes in infertile obese women planning for pregnancy
143(1)
Dietary interventions
144(1)
Diet
144(1)
Role of exercise
144(1)
Weight-loss medications and fertility outcomes
145(1)
Metformin
145(2)
Sibutramine
147(1)
Orlistat
147(1)
Liraglutide
147(1)
Barriers to weight loss
148(1)
Conclusion
148(1)
References
149(2)
17 Surgical interventions to improve fertility potential in obese men and women
Joseph Chervenak
Frank A. Chervenak
Introduction
151(1)
Obesity and fertility
151(1)
Nonsurgical management of obesity
152(1)
Bariatric surgery as a weight loss measure
152(1)
Types of bariatric surgery
152(1)
The impact of bariatric surgery on fertility
153(1)
Bariatric surgery and polycystic ovarian syndrome
154(1)
The potential of bariatric surgery for a negative impact on fertility
154(1)
Pregnancy after bariatric surgery
154(1)
Assisted reproduction after bariatric surgery
154(1)
Obesity in the male
155(1)
Conclusion
155(1)
References
155(4)
Section 4 General Gynaecology
18 Obesity and gynecology ultrasound
Kiran Vanza
Mathew Leonardi
George Condous
Key points
159(1)
Introduction
159(1)
Pelvic ultrasound
159(4)
Ultrasound settings
163(1)
Ergonomic considerations
163(1)
Clinical applications
164(4)
Conclusion
168(1)
Acknowledgments
168(1)
References
168(3)
19 Obesity and menstrual disorders
Jane J. Reavey
W. Colin Duncan
Savita Brito-Mutunayagam
Rebecca M. Reynolds
Hilary O.D. Critchley
Obesity: the problem
171(1)
Abnormal uterine bleeding---Causes
171(1)
PALM-COEIN Classification
171(1)
Malignancy and hyperplasia
172(1)
Ovulatory dysfunction
172(1)
The endometrium
173(1)
Polycystic ovary syndrome
174(1)
Obesity in the absence of polycystic ovary
174(1)
Summary
175(1)
Acknowledgments
175(1)
References
175(4)
20 Incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in the obese woman
Clare F. Jordan
Douglas G. Tincello
Introduction
179(1)
Incidence and prevalence
179(1)
Normal bladder function and causes of incontinence in women
179(1)
Urodynamic stress incontinence
180(1)
Detrusor overactivity
181(1)
Obesity and urinary incontinence
181(1)
Obesity and fecal incontinence
182(1)
Obesity and prolapse
182(1)
Weight loss and the effects upon continence and prolapse
183(1)
Continence and prolapse surgery in the obese woman
184(1)
Conclusion
184(1)
References
185(4)
21 Urinary and fecal incontinence in obese women
Vasilios Pergialiotis
Stergios K. Doumouchtsis
Introduction---epidemiology
189(1)
Pathophysiology of incontinence in the obese population
190(1)
Outcomes of incontinence procedures in obese women
191(1)
Incontinence symptoms following weight loss
192(1)
Conclusion
192(1)
References
192(3)
22 Role of obesity in cancer in women
Joanna M. Cain
Overview
195(1)
Epidemiologic evidence for links between obesity and cancer
195(1)
Cancers unique to or more common in women
196(1)
Potential mechanisms for oncogenesis
196(1)
Clinical implications for prevention and treatment of cancer in obese patients
197(1)
Summary and ongoing needs for research
198(1)
References
198(3)
23 Obesity and breast cancer
Chiara Benedetto
Emilie Marion Canuto
Fulvio Borella
Epidemiology
201(1)
Pathogenetic mechanisms
202(2)
Diagnosis
204(1)
Therapy
204(2)
Prognosis
206(1)
References
206(3)
24 Obesity and female malignancies
Ketankumar B. Gajjar
Mahmood I. Shafi
Introduction
209(1)
Epidemiology
209(2)
Mechanisms relating obesity to female malignancies
211(1)
Effect of obesity on management of female malignancies
212(1)
Future directions
213(1)
References
213(4)
25 Challenges in gynecological surgery in obese women
Chu Lim
Tahir A. Mahmood
Introduction
217(1)
Indications for surgery
217(1)
Risk of obese women undergoing surgery
218(1)
Physiological changes in the obese patients
218(1)
Preoperative evaluation
218(1)
Equipment and general considerations
219(1)
Anesthetic challenges
219(1)
Thromboprophylaxis
219(1)
Intraoperative challenges
219(1)
Open abdominal surgery
220(1)
Postoperative issues
220(1)
Medicolegal implication
221(1)
Conclusion
221(1)
References
221(2)
26 Laparoscopic and robotic surgery in obese women
Manou Manpreet Kaur
Thomas Ind
Introduction
223(3)
Physiological changes in (obese) surgical patient
226(1)
Benefits of minimally invasive surgery
227(3)
Alternatives for class III (morbidly) obese patients
230(1)
Cost-effectiveness
231(1)
Complications
231(1)
Preoperative preparation
232(2)
Intraoperative considerations
234(4)
Postoperative considerations
238(1)
Conclusion
239(1)
References
239(6)
27 Obesity and venous thromboembolism
Julia Czuprynska
Roopen Arya
Introduction
245(1)
The interplay between obesity and venous thromboembolism risk
245(1)
Hormonal contraception
246(2)
Guideline recommendations
248(1)
Hormone replacement therapy
249(2)
Assisted conception
251(1)
Gynecological surgery
251(1)
Gynecological cancer
252(1)
Conclusion
252(1)
References
252(3)
28 Obesity and cardiovascular disease in reproductive health
Isioma Okolo
Tahir A. Mahmood
Introduction
255(1)
Risk assessment in obese individuals
255(1)
The significance of adipose distribution
256(1)
Pathogenesis of visceral obesity
256(1)
Lipid metabolism in nonpregnant obese women
257(1)
Cardiac adaptation to obesity
257(1)
Lipid metabolism in pregnant obese women
257(1)
Gynecology practice
258(1)
Maternal obesity and in utero programing for cardiovascular disease
259(1)
Interventions to address obesity in reproductive health
260(1)
Interventions to improve outcomes in pregnancy
261(1)
Conclusions
261(1)
References
261(4)
29 Female obesity and osteoporosis
Rashda Bano
Tahir A. Mahmood
Introduction
265(1)
Relationship between fat and bone: epidemiologic and clinical observations
266(1)
Adipocyte hormones
267(2)
Obesity of the bone
269(1)
Clinical and diagnostic implication of the concept-obesity of bone
269(1)
Treatment implications of the concept-obesity of the bone
269(1)
Conclusion
270(1)
Conflict of interest
271(1)
References
271(1)
Future research
272(1)
30 Obesity, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy
Marta Caretto
Andrea Giannini
Tommaso Simoncini
Andrea R. Genazzani
Introduction
273(1)
The menopausal obesity: role of estrogens
273(1)
Obesity, lifestyle intervention, and hormone replacement therapy
274(3)
Emerging menopausal therapies
277(1)
Conclusion
278(1)
Conflict of interest
278(1)
References
278(3)
31 Obesity and chronic pelvic pain
I-Ferne Tan
Andrew W. Horne
Introduction
281(1)
Obesity and pain physiology
281(2)
The genetics of obesity and chronic pain
283(1)
The psychological impact of obesity and chronic pelvic pain
284(1)
The impact of obesity on the assessment of chronic pelvic pain
284(1)
The impact of obesity on the treatment of women with chronic pelvic pain
285(1)
The impact of obesity on the surgical management of women with chronic pelvic pain
285(1)
Obesity and endometriosis
286(1)
Obesity and adenomyosis
287(1)
Obesity and abdominal myofascial pain syndrome
287(1)
Obesity and nongynecological causes of chronic pelvic pain
287(1)
Conclusion
287(1)
References
288(5)
32 Obesity and clinical psychosomatic women's health
Mira Lai
Abhilash H.L. Sarhadi
Introduction
293(3)
Section 1 Menstrual problems and obesity
296(4)
Section 2 Infertility/subfertility and clinical psychosomatic aspects
300(2)
Section 3 Physical, mental, and sexual violence with obesity in migrants
302(3)
Section 4 Obesity and severe pelvic/perineal dysfunction
305(1)
Section 5 Psychosomatic impact of gynecological tumors in the obese
305(2)
Conclusions
307(1)
References
307(6)
33 Obesity and psychosexual disorders
Ernesto Gonzalez-Mesa
Biological and psychological mechanism
313(2)
Polycystic Ovarian syndrome
315(1)
Impaired body image
316(1)
References
316(3)
34 Professionally responsible clinical management of obese patients before and during pregnancy
Frank A. Chervenak
Laurence B. McCullough
Introduction
319(1)
Professional ethics in obstetrics
319(1)
Professional ethics in clinical practice with obese patients before and during pregnancy
320(2)
Conclusion
322(1)
References
322(1)
Index 323
Tahir Mahmood, CBE, MD, FRCPI, FFRSH, MBA, FACOG, FRCPE, FEBCOG, FRCOG Consultant Gynecologist and Clinical Director Women , Children and Clinical Services Directorate , Victoria Hospital, NHS Fife, Kirkcaldy, Scotland, UK Past Vice-President Standards, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2007-2010); President, European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (EBCOG, 2014-2017); Past President of Edinburgh Obstetrical Society ( 2012-2014); Past President of the Northern Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society of Scotland ( 1999-2011), National Lead for Heavy Menstrual Bleeding Audit in England and Wales (2010-2015), FIGO Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy Working Group ( 2014-2016); and is currently International UNFPA Consultant for EECA Region, Chair of EBCOG Standards of Care and Position Statements Group, and Life Trustee Lindsay Stewart R&D Foundation of the Royal College of Obstetrician and Gynaecologists. In the recent past, he has held honorary senior Clinical Lectureships at the Universities of Edinburgh, Dundee and St. Andrews in Scotland. He has edited 10 manuscripts and has published more than 200 research papers and chapters. He was appointed as Commander of the order of the British Empire (CBE) in the New Years honours list (2012) by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, the 2nd Sir Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, PhD, DSc, FRCOG, FRCS, FACOG, Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G) of St. Georges University, London; Foundation Professor of O&G, University of Nicosia, Visiting Professor, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London; Past President of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2007-2010); President: International Federation of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (FIGO) 2012-2015; Head, Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, St Georges University Hospital, London, UK (1997-2013). National award recipient of Knight Bachelor in the UK and Sri Lanka Ranjana in Sri Lanka for services to Medicine. Frank A. Chervenak, MD, MMM currently serves as Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lenox Hill Hospital; Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Associate Dean of International Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell. He has published 327 papers in peer review literature and has co-authored or co-edited 38 textbooks. Research interests include ultrasound and ethics in obstetrics & gynecology and physician leadership. He has been named a member of The National Academy of Medicine of the National Academies. Dr. Chervenak has served on the Board of Governors of the American Institute in Ultrasound and Medicine and the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians. He has served as President of the World Association of Perinatal Medicine, International Fetal Medicine in Surgery Society, the New York Perinatal Society and the New York Academy of Medicine Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the New York Obstetrical Society. Currently, Dr. Chervenak serves as President of the International Society of the Fetus as a Patient, Vice-president of the International Academy of Perinatal Medicine, and Co-director of The Ian Donald Inter-University School of Medicine and Ultrasound. He has been awarded doctor honoris causae from 11 International Universities. He has been admitted as a fellow ad eundem of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Great Britain and as a Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He has been named an Honorary Member of the Mexican Academy of Pediatrics and a Knight of Medicine” by the University of Georgia.