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xv | |
About the editors |
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xix | |
Preface---obesity in obstetrics |
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xxi | |
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1 Worldwide epidemic of obesity |
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3 | (6) |
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3 | (1) |
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Definitions of overweight and obesity |
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3 | (1) |
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The extent of the problem |
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4 | (1) |
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Obesity in children and adolescents |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Factors associated with overweight and obesity |
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5 | (1) |
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Disease burden and impact on health and economy |
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6 | (1) |
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International response to the epidemic |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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2 Social, ethnic, and environmental determinants of obesity |
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9 | (16) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Health impact and burden of overweight and obesity |
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9 | (1) |
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Factors that contribute to disparities in obesity |
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10 | (7) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (8) |
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3 Obesity based on genetic and molecular influences |
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25 | (12) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Molecular basis for energy intake regulation |
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26 | (3) |
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Control of energy expenditure and adipogenesis |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (4) |
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4 The psychological basis of obesity |
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37 | (10) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Stigma and discrimination |
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39 | (1) |
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Stress and mood disorders |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (6) |
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Section 2 Planning for Pregnancy in Obese Women |
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5 Preconception and antepartum care in overweight and obese women |
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47 | (6) |
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47 | (1) |
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Epidemiology of obesity and overweight in pregnancy or reproductive age women |
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47 | (1) |
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Impact of overweight/obesity on female and male (plus age) on fertility |
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47 | (1) |
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Morbidity and mortality of overweight/obesity in pregnancy |
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47 | (1) |
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Preconception care of overweight/obesity |
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48 | (1) |
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Early pregnancy in overweight and obese women |
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48 | (1) |
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Recommended and optimal weight gain in pregnancy |
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48 | (1) |
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Lifestyle and nutrition recommendations for pregnant obese women |
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49 | (1) |
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Antepartum care of overweight and obese women |
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49 | (1) |
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Obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Obesity, preterm birth, and neonatal mortality |
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50 | (1) |
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Intrapartum care and prevention of postpartum risks in obese patients |
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50 | (1) |
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Managing weight postpartum |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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6 Management of pregnancy in women with history of weight loss surgery |
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53 | (8) |
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Obesity and bariatric surgery |
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53 | (1) |
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Types of bariatric surgery |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Complications of bariatric surgery |
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55 | (1) |
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Reproductive health after bariatric surgery |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Recommended investigations in pregnancy after bariatric surgery |
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57 | (1) |
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Nutrition and treatment of possible deficiencies |
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57 | (2) |
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Management of acute attendance during pregnancy |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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7 Ultrasound scanning in early pregnancy and fetal abnormality screening in obese women |
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61 | (8) |
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Key points for clinical practice |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Excess fetal risks associated with obesity |
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62 | (1) |
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Ultrasound assessment in obesity |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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Technical tips for ultrasound in obese women |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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8 Challenges of third-trimester screening in obese women |
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69 | (6) |
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Selecting optimal site for measurements |
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69 | (1) |
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Estimation of Foetal birth weight |
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69 | (1) |
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Accuracy of Foetal weight estimation near term |
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70 | (1) |
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Limitation of ultrasound estimation of weight |
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71 | (1) |
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Optimal timing for sonographic assessment |
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71 | (1) |
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Assessment of amniotic fluid volume |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
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9 An overview of complications associated with obesity during pregnancy |
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75 | (8) |
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75 | (1) |
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Pathophysiological changes among obese women during pregnancy |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension |
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76 | (1) |
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Maternal venous thromboembolism |
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77 | (1) |
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Congenital abnormalities and obesity |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Obesity and risk of preterm rupture of membranes |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Obesity and induction of labor |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Obesity and mode of delivery |
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78 | (1) |
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Obesity and obstetrics anesthetics |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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10 Obesity and adolescent pregnancy |
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83 | (8) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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Pregnancy in obese adolescents |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (3) |
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11 Algorithmic approach to antenatal care for women with obesity |
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91 | (14) |
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Review of guidelines for antepartum care |
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91 | (2) |
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Prepregnancy care and recommendations |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Antenatal fetal screening---special considerations |
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95 | (1) |
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Planning for labor and birth |
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96 | (1) |
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Intrapartum care and anesthetic considerations |
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97 | (4) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (4) |
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12 Antenatal care for postbariatric women |
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105 | (12) |
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105 | (1) |
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Is there an optimal time to conceive a pregnancy after bariatric surgery? |
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105 | (1) |
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Nutritional considerations |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Gestational diabetes: risk, screening, and management |
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108 | (1) |
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Nonobstetric complications in the postbariatric gravida |
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109 | (2) |
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Pregnancy outcomes after bariatric surgery |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (4) |
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13 Obesity, hypertension, and preeclampsia |
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117 | (8) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Blood pressure measurement |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Changing incidence of obesity |
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118 | (1) |
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Does obesity predispose to preeclampsia? |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Is "preeclampsia" in the obese really underlying chronic (essential) hypertension? |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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14 Obesity and venous thromboembolism and management plan |
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125 | (12) |
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125 | (1) |
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Epidemiology, prevalence, and trends |
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125 | (1) |
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Obesity, pregnancy, and venous thromboembolism risk: underlying mechanisms |
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126 | (1) |
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Prevention of venous thromboembolism in obese women during pregnancy |
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127 | (2) |
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Care of individuals identified as at higher risk of venous thromboembolism |
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129 | (2) |
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Investigation of suspected venous thromboembolism in obese pregnant women |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (5) |
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Section 3 Obesity and hyperglycaemia of pregnancy |
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15 Pregnancy and metabolic syndrome of obesity |
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137 | (12) |
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137 | (1) |
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Lipid metabolism and fat deposition in lean pregnancy |
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137 | (1) |
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Lipid metabolism and fat deposition in obese women |
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138 | (1) |
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Glucose metabolism in lean and obese pregnancy |
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139 | (1) |
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Adiposity, obesity and insulin resistance: potential mechanisms |
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139 | (1) |
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Adiposity and pregnancy-specific insulin resistance: potential mechanisms |
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140 | (1) |
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Adiposity, obesity and hypothalamic---pituitary---adrenal axis activity: potential mechanisms |
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141 | (1) |
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Amino acid metabolism in lean and obese pregnancy |
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141 | (1) |
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Preeclampsia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome of pregnancy |
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141 | (1) |
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Intervention strategies in maternal obesity and effects on metabolism |
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142 | (1) |
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Intervention strategies: lifestyle |
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142 | (1) |
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Intervention strategies: pharmacological |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (5) |
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16 Maternal obesity and developmental priming of risk of later disease |
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149 | (16) |
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149 | (1) |
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Epidemiological observations on maternal obesity, macrosomia, and neonatal adiposity |
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149 | (1) |
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Maternal obesity and childhood obesity |
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150 | (1) |
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Maternal pregnancy weight gain and childhood obesity |
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150 | (1) |
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Maternal diabetes, gestational diabetes, and glucose effects |
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151 | (1) |
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Relationship between maternal hyperglycemia and neonatal adiposity |
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152 | (1) |
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Maternal hyperglycemia and childhood obesity |
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152 | (1) |
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GDM and cardiometabolic diseases in the offspring |
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152 | (1) |
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Maternal insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and fetal growth |
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153 | (1) |
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Glucose metabolism and fetal growth |
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154 | (1) |
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Maternal lipid supply and fetal growth |
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154 | (1) |
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Amino acid metabolism and insights from metabolomics studies |
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154 | (1) |
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Effects on vascular function |
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154 | (1) |
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Animal models using maternal obesity |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Intestinal inflammation and gut microbiota |
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156 | (1) |
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Placenta, fetal programming, and fetal development |
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156 | (1) |
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Epigenetics as the unifying mechanism in fetal priming of noncommunicable disease risk |
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156 | (1) |
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Implications for public health intervention |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (7) |
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17 Universal testing for hyperglycemia in pregnancy |
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165 | (8) |
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Rising burden of disability and hyperglycemia in pregnancy |
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165 | (1) |
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Short- and long-term consequence of hyperglycemia in pregnancy |
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166 | (2) |
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Should all pregnant women be tested for hyperglycemia in pregnancy? |
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168 | (1) |
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Should all women be subjected to a 75 goral glucose tolerance test? |
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168 | (1) |
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Is global consensus on diagnostic cutoff values possible? |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (4) |
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18 Metformin use in gestational diabetes |
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173 | (6) |
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173 | (1) |
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Efficacy of metformin in gestational diabetes |
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173 | (1) |
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Safety of metformin in gestational diabetes |
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174 | (1) |
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Clinical practice guidelines for metformin and gestational diabetes |
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174 | (1) |
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Metformin in overweight and obese pregnant women |
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175 | (1) |
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Metformin therapy after gestational diabetes |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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19 Management of gestational diabetes mellitus to optimize outcomes |
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179 | (12) |
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Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with gestational diabetes |
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179 | (1) |
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Gestational diabetes mellitus treatment |
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180 | (1) |
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Glycemic targets and monitoring |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Pharmacologic therapy---Oral |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Obstetric considerations and monitoring |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (5) |
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20 Obesity, insulin resistance, and placental dysfunction---fetal growth |
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191 | (10) |
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191 | (1) |
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Obesity and the endocrine environment |
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192 | (1) |
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Placenta and insulin resistance |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Placental transporter system |
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193 | (1) |
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Placenta and inflammatory response |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Diabetes and the placenta |
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194 | (1) |
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The intrauterine growth---restricted fetus |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (5) |
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Section 4 Management of labour |
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21 Induction of labor in obese women |
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201 | (6) |
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201 | (1) |
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Indications for induction of labor |
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201 | (2) |
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Women with a previous caesarean section |
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203 | (1) |
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Assessment prior to induction of labor |
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204 | (1) |
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Methods of inducing labor |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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22 Intrapartum care for obese and morbidly obese women |
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207 | (12) |
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207 | (1) |
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Preterm and postterm pregnancy |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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Labour and intrapartum monitoring |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Caesarean section in the obese woman |
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211 | (2) |
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Macrosomia and shoulder dystocia |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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Risks in subsequent pregnancy |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (4) |
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23 Anesthetic issues during labor in obese women |
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219 | (10) |
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Introduction Physiology of Obesity and Pregnancy |
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219 | (1) |
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Anesthetic considerations |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (3) |
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24 Obesity, diabetes, placental pathology, and fetal malformations |
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229 | (10) |
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229 | (1) |
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Obesity, diabetes, and the umbilical cord coiling |
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230 | (2) |
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Obesity, diabetes, and the placenta |
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232 | (1) |
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Obesity and other placental changes |
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233 | (1) |
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Obesity, diabetes, and fetal pathology |
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233 | (2) |
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Obesity, diabetes, and disease in childhood |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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25 Maternal obesity and the risk of stillbirth |
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239 | (8) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Vascular pathology and placental dysfunction |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Previous obstetric history |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Failed antenatal screening |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Social class and dietary habits |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Obesity as an independent risk factor |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Public health implication |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (3) |
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26 Cesarean delivery technique in obese women |
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247 | (14) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (2) |
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Delivery of the baby and delayed umbilical cord clamping |
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250 | (1) |
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Prophylaxis of postpartum hemorrhage and placental delivery |
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251 | (1) |
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Closure of the uterus and abdomen |
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252 | (2) |
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Postcesarean delivery care |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (6) |
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27 Sepsis in obese pregnant women |
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261 | (18) |
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261 | (1) |
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Epidemiology of obesity and sepsis |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (3) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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Preoperative considerations |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (5) |
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28 Multimodal framework for reducing obesity-related maternal morbidity and mortality |
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279 | (14) |
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279 | (1) |
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Obesity in women of reproductive age |
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279 | (1) |
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Obesity-related maternal mortality |
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280 | (1) |
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Obesity-related maternal morbidity |
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280 | (1) |
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The concept of a multimodal framework |
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281 | (1) |
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Primary prevention of obesity-related maternal mortality and morbidity |
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282 | (1) |
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Secondary prevention of obesity-related maternal mortality and morbidity |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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The booking visit and follow-up arrangements |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Weight control in pregnancy |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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Thromboembolism prophylaxis |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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Tertiary prevention of obesity-related maternal mortality and morbidity |
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285 | (1) |
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Vaginal birth after cesarean section |
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285 | (1) |
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Pregnancy after bariatric surgery |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (7) |
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Section 5 Interventions to improve care of women during pregnancy |
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29 Eating behavior and lifestyle issues in women --- implications for obesity development and prevention |
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293 | (8) |
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293 | (1) |
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Current diet and lifestyle issues |
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293 | (1) |
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Sociocultural influences on eating and lifestyle behaviors |
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294 | (2) |
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Individual-level influences |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (4) |
|
30 Antiobesity drugs for obese women planning pregnancy |
|
|
301 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Classification of antiobesity drugs |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Drugs for weight reduction in reproductive age women: pharmacology and clinical efficacy |
|
|
301 | (3) |
|
Pharmacological antiobesity treatment in women contemplating pregnancy |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
31 Weight-reducing surgery for women planning pregnancy: where are we now? |
|
|
307 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
The pros and cons of bariatric surgery |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
How does bariatric surgery affect sexuality and sexual function? |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Should the desire of fertility be a prime indication for bariatric surgery? |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
A case of spontaneous conception following weight-reducing surgery |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
What is the optimum timing for planning a pregnancy after weight-reducing surgery? |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Special precautions after weight-reducing surgery |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal symptoms |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Monitoring of fetal growth |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Pregnancy outcomes after weight-reducing surgery |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Continued need to screen for gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertension after weight-reducing surgery |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Postpartum considerations |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (4) |
|
32 Developing standards of care for obese women during pregnancy |
|
|
317 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
The development of standard of care |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
How to develop standards? |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Interventions for the management of obesity before and during pregnancy |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (4) |
|
33 Planning for the future: maternity services in 2035 |
|
|
327 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
Projected prevalence of obesity in 2035 |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (3) |
|
How can we deliver this care? |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Research needed to inform future planning |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
332 | (3) |
|
34 Maternal obesity and stigma |
|
|
335 | (8) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Pregnant women's experiences of obesity stigma |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Obesity stigma and its influence on - maternal health |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Health-care professionals' attitudes toward and experiences of caring for pregnant women with obesity |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Reducing weight stigma within maternity services |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
340 | (3) |
Index |
|
343 | |