Dedications |
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v | |
Acknowledgments |
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xi | |
About the Authors |
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xiii | |
Contributing Author |
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xv | |
Introduction |
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xvii | |
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Section I Normal and Pathological Gait |
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1 | (170) |
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Chapter 1 Walking Speed: The Sixth Vital Sign |
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3 | (6) |
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1.1 Determinants of Walking Speed |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Measuring Walking Speed, Cadence, and Stride Length: 10-Meter Walk Test |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3 Normal Values for Adults Ages 20 to 59 Years Old |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4 Meaningful Change in Walking Speed |
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6 | (1) |
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1.5 Walking Speed and Functional Participation Categories |
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6 | (1) |
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1.6 Functional Participation Walking Categories: Classification of Walking Handicap (Based on Patients With Stroke) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Temporal and Spatial Gait Characteristics |
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9 | (12) |
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2.1 Timing (Temporal) Characteristics |
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9 | (3) |
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2.2 Stance Phase: 0% to 62% Gait Cycle (Right Lower Extremity Is the Reference Limb) |
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12 | (1) |
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2.3 Swing Phase: 62% to 100% Gait Cycle (Right Lower Extremity Is the Reference Limb) |
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13 | (3) |
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2.4 Distance (Spatial) Characteristics |
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16 | (1) |
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2.5 Primary Determinants Minimizing Center of Mass Displacement |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Normal Gait Kinematics |
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21 | (38) |
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21 | (2) |
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3.2 Acquisition of Kinematic Data During Walking |
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23 | (1) |
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3.3 Introduction to Kinematic Joint Graphs Across Phases of the Gait Cycle |
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24 | (3) |
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3.4 Sagittal Plane Kinematics by Joint |
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27 | (7) |
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3.5 Sagittal Kinematic Summary Across Joints for Each Phase of the Gait Cycle |
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34 | (8) |
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3.6 Minimal Foot/Toe Clearance in Swing: Key Kinematic Events |
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42 | (2) |
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3.7 Frontal Plane Kinematic Summary Graphs |
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44 | (5) |
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3.8 Transverse Plane Kinematic Summary Graphs |
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49 | (4) |
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3.9 Frontal Plane Kinematics by Phase |
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53 | (3) |
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3.10 Kinematic Summary of the Knee and Foot |
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56 | (1) |
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3.11 Kinematic Summary of the Lower Extremity |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Normal Gait Kinetics |
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59 | (36) |
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59 | (3) |
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4.2 Visualizing the Ground Reaction Force Vector to Determine External Moments |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (2) |
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4.4 Ground Reaction Forces During Walking |
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66 | (1) |
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4.5 Sagittal Plane Kinetics During Stance Phase |
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67 | (5) |
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4.6 Sagittal Plane Moments by Joint |
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72 | (2) |
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4.7 Ankle Dorsiflexor EMG With Moments |
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74 | (1) |
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4.8 Ankle Plantar Flexor EMG With Moments |
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75 | (3) |
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4.9 Knee Extensor EMG With Moments |
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78 | (1) |
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4.10 Knee Flexor EMG With Moments |
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79 | (3) |
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4.11 Hip Extensor EMG With Moments |
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82 | (1) |
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4.12 Hip Flexor EMG With Moments |
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83 | (1) |
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4.13 Frontal Plane Kinetics |
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84 | (1) |
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4.14 Calcaneal Kinematics and Invertor/Evertor Muscle Activity |
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85 | (8) |
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93 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Functional Gait Measures |
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95 | (48) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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5.3 Minimal Detectable Change |
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96 | (1) |
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5.4 Minimal Clinically Important Difference |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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5.6 The Timed Up and Go Test |
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97 | (4) |
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5.7 The Timed Up and Go Dual Task |
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101 | (2) |
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5.8 The 6-Minute Walk Test |
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103 | (6) |
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5.9 The 2-Minute Walk Test |
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109 | (4) |
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5.10 The Dynamic Gait Index |
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113 | (4) |
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5.11 Variations of the Dynamic Gait Index |
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117 | (8) |
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125 | (3) |
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5.13 The Four Square Step Test |
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128 | (4) |
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5.14 The Functional Ambulation Classification |
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132 | (2) |
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5.15 The Modified Gait Abnormality Rating Scale |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (7) |
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Chapter 6 Pathological Gait |
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143 | (28) |
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6.1 Introduction to Observational Gait Analysis |
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143 | (1) |
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6.2 Overview: Observational Analysis Process |
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144 | (1) |
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6.3 Procedures for Determining Major Gait Deviations |
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144 | (1) |
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6.4 Causes of Observed Gait Deviations |
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145 | (1) |
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6.5 Impairments in Persons With Musculoskeletal Disorders |
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145 | (1) |
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6.6 Impairments in Persons With Central Nervous System Disorders |
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146 | (2) |
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6.7 Major Deviations and Impairments: Ankle, Foot, and Toes |
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148 | (6) |
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6.8 Major Deviations and Impairments: Knee |
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154 | (6) |
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6.9 Major Deviations and Impairments: Thigh |
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160 | (4) |
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6.10 Major Deviations and Impairments: Pelvis and Trunk |
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164 | (6) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (40) |
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Instructions for Case Studies |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (6) |
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181 | (6) |
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187 | (4) |
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191 | (6) |
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197 | (4) |
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201 | (4) |
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205 | (6) |
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211 | (12) |
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Appendix A JAKC Observational Gait Analysis Form |
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213 | (4) |
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Appendix B Stride Characteristics for Adults Ages 20 to 59 Years |
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217 | (2) |
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Appendix C Stride Characteristics for Adults Ages 60 to 80 Years |
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219 | (2) |
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Appendix D Gait Analysis Report Rubric |
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221 | (2) |
Financial Disclosures |
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223 | (2) |
Index |
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225 | |