This substantial volume contains the findings from the observational phase of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, co-sponsored by the World Climate Research Programme and other international scientific organizations, edited by three of the experiment's committee members, and written by an international group of specialists in public and private research institutions. Chapters detail the organization and implementation of the experiment, the oceans' role in decadal climate variability and change, and new observational and modeling results on the circulation of the oceans and their interaction with the atmosphere including ocean surface water mass transformation, mixing and stirring in the ocean interior, subduction, mode waters, deep convection, dense northern overflows, Mediterranean water and global circulation, and ocean heat transport. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
The book represents all the knowledge we currently have on ocean circulation.
It presents an up-to-date summary of the state of the science relating to the role of the oceans in the physical climate system.
The book is structured to guide the reader through the wide range of World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) science in a consistent way. Cross-references between contributors have been added, and the book has a comprehensive index and unified reference list.
The book is simple to read, at the undergraduate level. It was written by the best scientists in the world who have collaborated to carry out years of experiments to better understand ocean circulation.
Recenzijas
"Ocean Circulation and Climate' is the culmination of a multi-national, multi-decadal program designed to observe the global ocean. ...a voluminous book, unique in that there is no other single volume to which one can turn as a source for the cutting edge of knowledge of the large-scale circulation and properties of the ocean. ...lays the foundation for the daunting challenge of understanding the future of the world oceans and their role in climate change." EPISODES - JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE
"...excellent editing and production quality plus hundreds of diagrams and dozens of color plates. It will be essential for ocean and climate scientists for years to come." --NEW SCIENTIST, October 2001
"This compilation addresses such topics as the role of the oceans in climate, ocean-atmosphere coupling, water mass formation, and the transport of momentum, heat, and freshwater throughout the global ocean. Interwoven into the narrative is a rich history of the development of modern oceanography, and beautiful color plates... This volume will serve as a resource for graduate students in oceanography and climatology and as a reference for researchers and professionals, including meteorologists." --CHOICE, December 2001
"Oceanographers, meteorologists, and climate scientists will find this book to be of particular value." --NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST, 2005
Contributors xiii Foreword xvii Preface xviii Acknowledgment xx The Ocean and Climate Climate and Oceans 3(8) Hartmut Grassl WOCE and the World Climate Research Programme 3(1) The scientific approach to the complex climate system 4(1) Ocean-atmosphere interaction and climate 5(1) Rapid changes related to the oceans 6(1) Cryosphere and the oceans 7(1) Anthropogenic climate change and the oceans 7(1) Future climate research and ocean observing systems 8(3) Ocean Processes and Climate Phenomena 11(20) Allyn Clarke John Church John Gould A global perspective 11(1) Air-sea fluxes 12(5) Ocean storage of heat and fresh water 17(1) Ocean circulation 17(6) Ocean transport of heat, fresh water and carbon 23(1) Climatic and oceanic variability 24(3) Impacts of ocean climate 27(3) Conclusion 30(1) The Origins, Development and Conduct of WOCE 31(16) B.J. Thompson J. Crease John Gould Introduction 31(1) Large-scale oceanography in the 1960s and 1970s 31(1) Ocean research and climate 32(4) Implementation of WOCE (SSG initiatives) 36(5) Implementation and oversight 41(2) Was WOCE a success and what is its legacy? 43(4) Observations and Models Global Problems and Global Observations 47(12) Carl Wunsch Different views of the ocean 47(1) The origins of WOCE 48(3) What do we know? 51(1) The need for global-scale observations 52(4) Where do we go from here? 56(3) High-Resolution Modelling of the Thermohaline and Wind-Driven Circulation 59(20) Claus W. Boning Albert J. Semtner The improving realism of ocean models 59(1) Historical perspective 60(2) Basic model design considerations: equilibrium versus non-equilibrium solutions 62(2) Examples of model behaviour in different dynamical regimes 64(13) Concluding remarks 77(2) Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models 79(20) Richard A. Wood Frank O. Bryan Why coupled models? 79(1) Formulation of coupled models 79(5) Model drift and flux adjustment 84(2) Initialization of coupled models 86(1) Coupled model simulation of present and past climates 87(6) Coupled model simulation of future climates 93(1) Climate models, WOCE and future observations 94(1) Summary and future developments 95(4) New Ways of Observing the Ocean Shipboard Observations during WOCE 99(24) B. A. King E. Firing T. M. Joyce The role of hydrographic measurements 99(3) CTD and sample measurements 102(9) Current measurements in the shipboard hydrographic programme 111(9) Shipboard meteorology 120(1) Summary and conclusions 121(2) Subsurface Lagrangian Observations during the 1990s 123(18) Russ. E. Davis Walter Zenk Determining currents in the ocean 123(1) Historical aspects: Stommels vision to the WOCE Float Programme 123(4) The WOCE Float Programme 127(2) WOCE float observations 129(8) The future 137(4) Ocean Circulation and Variability from Satellite Altimetry 141(32) Lee-Lueng Fu Altimeter observations 141(2) The ocean general circulation 143(5) Large-scale sea-level variability 148(14) Currents and eddies 162(8) Concluding discussions 170(3) Air-Sea Fluxes from Satellite Data 173(8) W. Timothy Liu Kristina B. Katsaros Forcing the ocean 173(1) Bulk parameterization 173(1) Wind forcing 174(3) Thermal forcing 177(2) Hydrologic forcing 179(1) Future prospects 179(2) Developing the WOCE Global Data System 181(12) Eric J. Lindstrom David M. Legler Organization and planning for WOCE data systems 181(4) Elements of the WOCE Data System 185(4) The WOCE Global Data Set and future developments 189(4) The Global Flow Field The World Ocean Surface Circulation 193(12) Peter Niiler Background 193(2) Methodology 195(3) The global mean velocity and velocity variance 198(3) The wind-driven Ekman currents 201(2) Future global circulation observations 203(2) The Interior Circulation of the Ocean 205(10) D. J. Webb N. Suginohara Processes in the ocean interior 205(1) Observational evidence 206(3) Theory of gyre-scale circulation 209(2) The abyssal circulation 211(2) Conclusions 213(2) The Tropical Ocean Circulation 215(32) J. S. Godfrey G.C. Johnson M. J. McPhaden G. Reverdin Susan E. Wiffels Flow and water mass transformation patterns 215(1) Equatorial phenomena in the Pacific Ocean 216(10) Equatorial Atlantic 226(7) Near-equatorial circulation in the Indian Ocean 233(12) Overall conclusions 245(2) Tropical-Extratropical Oceanic Exchange Pathways 247(12) Zhengyu Liu S. G. H. Philander The role of diffusion and advection 247(1) Tropical-subtropical exchanges of thermocline waters 248(4) Tropical-subpolar exchange of Intermediate Waters 252(2) Summary and further issues 254(5) Quantification of the Deep Circulation 259(12) Nelson G. Hogg Deep circulation in the framework of WOCE 259(1) Deep Western Boundary Currents 260(6) The interior: The Deep Basin Experiment 266(3) Summary 269(2) The Antarctic Circumpolar Current System 271(32) Stephen R. Rintoul Chris W. Hughes Dirk Olbers Flow in the zonally unbounded ocean 271(3) Observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current 274(6) Dynamics of the ACC 280(11) Water mass formation and conversion 291(5) The Southern Ocean and the global overturning circulations 296(4) Conclusions 300(3) Interocean Exchange 303(14) Arnold L. Gordon Interocean links 303(3) Bering Strait 306(1) Indonesian Seas 307(3) The Agulhas Retroflection 310(3) Discussion 313(4) Formation and Transport of Water Masses Ocean Surface Water Mass Transformation 317(20) William G. Large A. J. George Nurser The problem 317(1) Theory of surface water mass transformation 318(3) Ocean surface temperature, salinity and density 321(5) Surface fluxes of heat, fresh water and density 326(6) Surface water mass transformation and formation 332(3) Summary 335(2) Mixing and Stirring in the Ocean Interior 337(20) John M. Toole Trevor J. McDougall Scales of mixing and stirring 337(1) Background 338(2) The Temporal-Residual-Mean circulation 340(5) Lateral dispersion between the mesoscale and the microscale 345(1) Diapycnal mixing in and above the main thermocline 346(6) Mixing in the abyss 352(2) Discussion 354(3) Subduction 357(16) James F. Price A little of the background on oceanic subduction 357(3) Surface-layer dynamics and thermodynamics of the subduction process 360(1) Development of steady, continuous models: Application to numerical model analysis and observations 361(4) Transient response of the thermocline to decadal variability 365(5) Summary and outlook 370(3) Mode Waters 373(14) Kimio Hanawa Lynne D. Talley Ventilation and mode water generation 373(1) Definition, detection and general characteristics of mode waters 374(2) Geographical distribution of mixed-layer depth and mode waters in the worlds oceans 376(8) Temporal variability of mode water properties and distribution 384(2) Summary 386(1) Deep Convection 387(14) John Lazier Robert Pickart Peter Rhines Convection and spreading 387(4) Plumes - the mixing agent 391(2) Temperature and salinity variability 393(3) Restratification 396(2) Summary and discussion 398(3) The Dense Northern Overflows 401(18) Peter M. Saunders The sources 401(1) Overflow paths 402(2) Observed transport means and variability 404(7) Processes in the overflows 411(1) Analytical models of the overflow 412(2) Numerical models of the overflow 414(2) Overflow variability 416(1) What have we learnt in WOCE? 416(3) Mediterranean Water and Global Circulation 419(12) Julio Candela Marginal seas 419(2) Formation of Mediterranean Water 421(1) Outflow of Mediterranean Water at the Strait of Gibraltar 422(5) The effect of Mediterranean Water outflow on the circulation of the North Atlantic and the World Oceans 427(4) Transformation and Age of Water Masses 431(24) P. Schlosser J. L. Bullister R. Fine W. J. Jenkins R. Key J. Lupton W. Roether W. M. Smethie Background 431(1) Tracer methodology and techniques 432(1) Exemplary results 433(17) Outlook 450(5) Large-Scale Ocean Transports Ocean Heat Transport 455(20) Harry L. Bryden Shiro Imawaki The global heat balance 455(1) Bulk formula estimates of ocean heat transport 456(2) Residual method estimates of ocean heat transport 458(1) Direct estimates of ocean heat transport 459(7) Discussion 466(4) Challenges 470(3) Summary 473(1) Outlook for direct estimates of ocean heat transport 474(1) Ocean Transport of Fresh Water 475(14) Susan E. Wijffels The importance of freshwater transport 475(1) Indirect estimates of oceanic freshwater transport 475(1) Impacts of uncertainties on model development 476(2) Direct ocean estimates of freshwater transport 478(5) Comparison of direct and indirect flux estimates 483(3) Mechanisms of oceanic freshwater transport 486(1) Global budgets 487(1) Summary 488(1) Storage and Transport of Excess CO2 in the Oceans: The JGOFS/WOCE Global CO2 Survey 489(36) Douglas W. R. Wallace Introduction 489(1) Background 489(6) The JGOFS/WOCE Global CO2 Survey 495(8) Synthesis of Global CO2 Survey data: Review 503(17) Conclusions and outlook 520(5) Insights for the Future Towards a WOCE Synthesis 525(22) Lynne D. Talley Detlef Stammer Ichiro Fukumori Exploiting the WOCE data set 525(1) Data-based analyses 526(9) Model evaluation and development 535(1) Ocean state estimation 535(7) Summary and outlook 542(5) Numerical Ocean Circulation Modelling: Present Status and Future Directions 547(10) J. Willebrand D. B. Haidvogel Remarks on the history of ocean modelling 547(1) Space-time scales of ocean processes and models 548(1) Modelling issues 549(4) Atmospheric forcing and coupling 553(1) Organization of model development 554(2) Concluding remarks 556(1) The World during WOCE 557(28) Bob Dickson Jim Hurrell Nathan Bindoff Annie Wong Brian Arbic Breck Owens Shiro Imawaki Igor Yashayaev Assessing the representativeness of the WOCE data set 557(1) The state of the atmospheric during WOCE 558(5) The analysis of decadal change in intermediate water masses of the World Ocean 563(2) Climatic warming of Atlantic Intermediate Waters 565(2) Spin-up of the North Atlantic gyre circulation 567(2) Altered patterns of exchange in Nordic Seas 569(2) System-wide changes in the Arctic Ocean 571(2) Interdecadal variability of Kuroshio transport 573(3) Evidence of water mass changes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans 576(4) Summary and Conclusions 580(5) Ocean and Climate Prediction - the WOCE Legacy 585(18) Neville Smith The long-term context 585(3) Building from WOCE 588(1) WOCE observations 589(3) WOCE and climate prediction 592(3) The mean state and long-term change 595(2) Ocean variability and prediction: GODAE 597(3) Institutionalizing the benefits of WOCE 600(1) Conclusions 601(2) References 603(83) Acronyms, abbreviations and terms 686(7) Index 693
Gerold Siedler is a physical oceanographer at the marine research institute in Kiel/Germany. He established a highly regarded ocean observing unit and participated in almost 30 research cruises. His research focused on ocean processes and circulation in all three oceans. He was professor at Kiel University, Director of the marine research institute IfM (1976-1978) and Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences (1991-1992) at Kiel University. In addition he worked as visiting investigator abroad, in particular at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the USA, including teaching in the WHOI/MIT joint program. He performed research at the University of Miami, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Pasadena, the University of Hawaii in the USA, the Laboratory for the Physics of the Ocean, Paris and Ifremer/Brest in France, and as a Humboldt researcher at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. He served in leading functions in major international ocean/climate programs, in particular GATE and WOCE. He was a vice-president of the Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO, 1975-1979) and a president of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR, 1983-1988) at ICSU. He published 77 peer-reviewed papers, authored or edited 4 books and contributed to 18 books. He is now Emeritus Professor at Kiel University. John Gould (sometimes known as W. John) has had a long career in ocean research mostly focused on the collection and interpretation of ocean current measurements. His career started with working with John Swallow, who first developed the neutrally buoyant float at the UK National Institute of Oceanography. He led many research cruises in the North Atlantic Ocean. He was Project Director of the World Climate Research Programmes World Ocean Circulation Experiment- WOCE (1993-2002) and of its Climate Variability and Predictability Study -CLIVAR (1998-2002). From 2002-2006 he directed the international Argo profiling float project. At various times he has chaired the ICES Oceanic Hydrography Working Group and been a member of the executive of the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean and a member of the advisory board for Australias Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS). He has an interest in widening public awareness of marine science and of the oceans role in climate. He is a member of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics History Working Group and is a visiting scientist at the UKs National Oceanography Centre. John Church is a CSIRO Fellow with the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research. His area of expertise is the role of the ocean in climate, particularly anthropogenic climate change and sea-level rise. He has been a Principal Investigator on NASA/CNES satellite altimeter Science Working Teams since 1987. He was co-convening lead author for the Chapter on Sea Level in the IPCC Third and Fifth Assessment Reports. He Co-Chaired the international Scientific Steering Group for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment from 1994 to 1998 and Chaired the Joint Scientific Committee of the World Climate Research Programme from 2006 to 2008. He was awarded the 2006 Roger Revelle Medal by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, was a winner of a CSIRO Medal for Research Achievement in 2006, won the 2007 Eureka Prize for Scientific Research and presented the 2008 AMOS R.H. Clarke Lecture. He is the author of over 120 refereed publications, 80 other reports and co-edited three books. He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering.
