Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xiv | |
Contributors |
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xv | |
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1 Introduction: Practical Guide, OCT for Glaucoma |
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1 | (3) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Overview of the Guide |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2.2 OCT of the Optic Nerve |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Illustrative Case Examples |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2.5 Structure-Function Relationship |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2.6 Comparison of Common Devices |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.7 Artifacts and Masqueraders |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.8 Anterior Segment OCT in Glaucoma |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.9 Special Considerations: OCT in Childhood Glaucoma |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.10 Special Considerations: High Refractive Errors |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.11 Future Directions: OCT Angiography for Glaucoma |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.12 Future Directions: Swept-Source OCT for Glaucoma |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.13 Future Directions: Artificial Intelligence Applications |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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2 Development of Optical Coherence Tomography |
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4 | (12) |
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4 | (1) |
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2.2 Setting the Stage: Lasers Meet Medicine |
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4 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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2.2.3 The Pivotal Role of Collaboration |
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6 | (1) |
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2.3 Optical Coherence Tomography: The Debut |
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6 | (3) |
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2.3.1 OCT versus Ultrasound |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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2.3.3 The First OCT Images |
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8 | (1) |
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2.3.4 Providing Clinical Value |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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2.4.1 From the Bench to the Bedside: The Need for Speed |
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9 | (1) |
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2.4.2 The First Commercial OCT |
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9 | (1) |
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2.4.3 OCT Instrument Design |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (4) |
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2.5.1 Spectral Domain OCT |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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2.7.2 Scientific and Clinical |
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15 | (1) |
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3 Optical Coherence Tomography of the Optic Nerve |
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16 | (22) |
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16 | (5) |
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16 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Optical Coherence Tomography |
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16 | (5) |
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21 | (8) |
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21 | (4) |
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25 | (4) |
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3.3 Utility of OCT in Glaucoma Management |
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29 | (4) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Progression Analysis |
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30 | (3) |
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3.3.4 Diagnostic Accuracy |
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33 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Correlation with Patient-Centered Outcomes |
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33 | (1) |
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3.4 Limitations and Pitfalls |
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33 | (3) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Green and Red Disease |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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4 Optical Coherence Tomography of the Macula |
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38 | (13) |
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4.1 Retinal Imaging for Glaucoma |
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38 | (2) |
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4.1.1 Glaucoma and Retinal Ganglion Cells |
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38 | (1) |
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4.1.2 RGCs and the Macula |
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39 | (1) |
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4.2 OCT Image of the Macula |
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40 | (2) |
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4.2.1 Devices and Segmentation |
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40 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Correlation between Visual Field and Macular OCT |
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41 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Complementing Peripapillary RNFL Scans with Macular OCT Scans |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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4.3 Macular OCT and Glaucoma Management |
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42 | (4) |
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4.3.1 Diagnosis and Progression |
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42 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Barriers to Proper OCT Interpretation |
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43 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Practical Uses of Macular OCT |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (3) |
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4.4.1 Vitreous Traction/Adherence |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Epiretinal Membranes |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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4.4.5 Other Macular Pathologies |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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4.4.8 Acquisition Artifacts |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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5 Illustrative Case Examples |
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51 | (22) |
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51 | (1) |
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5.2 Early (Preperimetric) Glaucoma |
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51 | (1) |
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5.3 Mild-to-Moderate Glaucoma |
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51 | (7) |
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58 | (1) |
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5.4.1 Severe Stage Glaucoma, due to Significant Visual Field Constriction |
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58 | (1) |
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5.5 Glaucoma that Is Progressing |
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58 | (11) |
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69 | (4) |
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6 Structure-Function Relationship |
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73 | (12) |
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73 | (1) |
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6.2 Mapping Structural to Functional Loss in Glaucoma |
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73 | (12) |
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6.2.1 Does OCT Damage Precede Visual Field Loss in Glaucoma? |
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75 | (5) |
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6.2.2 How Are Structural Changes Linked to Functional Changes in Glaucoma? |
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80 | (5) |
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7 Comparison of Common Devices |
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85 | (26) |
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7.1 Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness |
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85 | (13) |
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7.1.1 Cirrus 6000 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) |
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85 | (6) |
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7.1.2 Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) |
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91 | (3) |
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7.1.3 Avanti RTVue XR (Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) |
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94 | (1) |
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7.1.4 3D OCT (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (3) |
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7.2.1 Cirrus 6000 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) |
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98 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering, Inc., Heidelberg, Germany) |
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99 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Avanti RTVue XR (Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) |
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100 | (1) |
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7.2.4 3D OCT (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (5) |
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7.3.1 Cirrus 6000 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) |
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101 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering, Inc., Heidelberg, Germany) |
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103 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Avanti RTVue XR (Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) |
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105 | (1) |
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7.3.4 3D OCT (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (5) |
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7.4.1 Cirrus 6000 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) |
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106 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering, Inc., Heidelberg, Germany) |
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107 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Avanti RTVue XR (Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) |
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107 | (2) |
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7.4.4 3D-OCT (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) |
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109 | (2) |
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8 Artifacts and Masqueraders |
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111 | (21) |
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8.1 Incidence of Artifacts in OCT Imaging |
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111 | (1) |
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8.2 Etiologies of Peripapillary RNFL OCT Artifacts |
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111 | (11) |
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8.2.1 Artifacts from Errors in Scan Acquisition |
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111 | (5) |
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8.2.2 Artifacts in Boundary Segmentation |
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116 | (3) |
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8.2.3 Artifacts due to Ocular Pathology Unrelated to Glaucoma |
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119 | (3) |
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8.2.4 Artifacts due to Differences in OCT Machines |
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122 | (1) |
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8.3 Etiologies of ONH and Macula Artifacts |
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122 | (3) |
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8.3.1 Bruch's Membrane Opening-Minimum Rim Width Artifacts |
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123 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Macular Asymmetry Analysis Artifacts |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (4) |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (1) |
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8.5 A Relevant Summary of OCT Artifacts for Technicians |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (2) |
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8.6.1 Three-Dimensional Parameters |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (2) |
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9 Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma |
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132 | (9) |
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9.1 Introduction to Anterior-Segment OCT |
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132 | (1) |
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9.2 Different AS-OCT Modalities and Systems |
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132 | (1) |
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9.3 AS-OCT Identification of Anterior Segment Structures and Parameters |
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133 | (1) |
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9.4 AS-OCT in Different Glaucomatous Conditions |
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134 | (4) |
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9.4.1 Primary Angle Closure Suspect (PACS) |
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134 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma (PACG) |
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134 | (1) |
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9.4.3 AS-OCT Following Laser Peripheral Iridotomy (LPI) |
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135 | (2) |
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9.4.4 AS-OCT Following Dilation |
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137 | (1) |
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9.4.5 AS-OCT Following Lens Extraction |
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137 | (1) |
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9.4.6 Other Glaucomatous Conditions |
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138 | (1) |
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9.5 AS-OCT in Postoperative Care |
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138 | (1) |
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9.6 AS-OCT in Additional Glaucoma-Related Situations |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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10 Special Considerations: OCT in Childhood Glaucoma |
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141 | (11) |
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141 | (1) |
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10.2 Handheld and Portable OCT Imaging Modalities |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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10.3.1 How OCT Can be Used during Examination Under Anesthesia |
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142 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Tabletop OCT for Children |
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142 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Structural Considerations for Image Acquisition |
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143 | (1) |
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10.4 Interpreting OCT Images in Pediatric Glaucoma |
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143 | (6) |
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10.4.1 Optical and Anatomic Considerations for Image Acquisition and Interpretation |
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143 | (2) |
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10.4.2 Comparing to a Normative Database |
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145 | (1) |
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10.4.3 OCT Changes in Childhood Glaucoma |
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145 | (3) |
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10.4.4 Postoperative Changes in OCT |
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148 | (1) |
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10.5 Pitfalls and Masqueraders of Pediatric Glaucoma |
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149 | (1) |
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10.6 Imaging Guidelines and Recommended Frequency of Imaging |
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150 | (2) |
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11 Special Considerations: High Refractive Errors |
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152 | (13) |
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152 | (1) |
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11.2 Technical Issues of OCT that Need to be Considered in High Myopia |
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152 | (7) |
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11.2.1 Scan-Circle Size: Ocular Magnification Error |
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152 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Scan-Circle Size: Pathologies Influencing the Scan Circle |
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153 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Scan-Circle Location: Effect of Major Vessels in Tilted Discs |
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154 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Normative Database |
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154 | (3) |
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11.2.5 Segmentation Errors |
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157 | (2) |
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11.3 Glaucoma Diagnosis in High Myopia |
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159 | (6) |
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11.3.1 Macular Parameters for Glaucoma Diagnosis |
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159 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Neuroretinal Rim Parameters for Glaucoma Diagnosis |
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159 | (2) |
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11.3.3 All at One Glance: 3D Wide-Field MapinSS-OCT |
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161 | (4) |
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12 Future Directions: Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography for Glaucoma |
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165 | (11) |
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165 | (3) |
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12.1.1 The Role of Ocular Blood Flow in Glaucoma |
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165 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Technology |
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165 | (3) |
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12.2 OCT A of the Optic Nerve Head and Peripapillary Microvasculature |
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168 | (1) |
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12.2.1 OCTA of the Optic Nerve Head Microvasculature in Normal Eyes |
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168 | (1) |
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12.2.2 OCTA of the Optic Nerve and Peripapillary Microvasculature in Glaucoma |
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169 | (1) |
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12.3 OCTA of the Macular Microvasculature |
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169 | (4) |
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12.3.1 OCTA of the Normal Macular Microvasculature |
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169 | (3) |
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12.3.2 OCTA of Macular Microvasculature in Glaucoma |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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12.4.1 OCTA of the Normal Choroid |
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173 | (1) |
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12.4.2 OCTA of the Choroid in Glaucoma |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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13 Future Directions: Swept-Source OCT for Glaucoma |
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176 | (7) |
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Elizabeth Ann Zone Cretara |
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176 | (1) |
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13.2 Imaging of Intraocular Structures Using SS-OCT in Glaucoma |
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176 | (5) |
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13.2.1 Anterior Segment Application of SS-OCT in Glaucoma |
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177 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Analysis of Macular and Peripapillary Retina by SS-OCT |
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178 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Choroidal Application of SS-OCT in Glaucoma |
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179 | (1) |
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13.2.4 Optic Nerve Head Application of SS-OCT in Glaucoma |
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180 | (1) |
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13.2.5 Lamina Cribrosa Application of SS-OCT in Glaucoma |
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180 | (1) |
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13.3 Future Research in SS-OCT for Evaluation of Glaucoma |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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14 Future Directions: Artificial Intelligence Applications |
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183 | (8) |
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183 | (1) |
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14.2 Artificial Intelligence |
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184 | (7) |
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14.2.1 Development of a Deep Learning Algorithm |
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184 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Deep Learning Algorithms to Diagnose Glaucoma on SD-OCT |
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185 | (2) |
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14.2.3 Deep Learning Algorithms Trained to Assess Color Fundus Photos Using SD-OCT |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
Index |
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191 | |