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E-grāmata: Optical Radiometry

Volume editor (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, U.S.A.), Volume editor (CSIRO National Measurements Laboratory, West Lindfield, NSW, Australia), Volume editor (Space Dynamics Lab (SDL) at Utah State University in Logan, UT, USA)
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This book deals with the practice of Optical Radiation Measurements with introductory material to introduce the topics discussed. It will be most useful for students, scientists and engineers working in any academic, industrial or governmental projects related to optical radiation. The book contains chapters that treat in detail the procedures and techniques for the characterization of both sources and detectors to the highest degree of accuracy and reliability. It has a chapter devoted specifically to optical measurements of laser sources and fiberoptics for communication and a chapter devoted to uncertainty in measurement and its treatment with real examples of optical measurements. The book contains introductory materials that will allow a newcomer to radiometry to develop the expertise to perform exacting and accurate measurement. The authors stress the various causes of uncertainty in each phase of a measurement and thus allow for users to arrive at a correct assessment of their uncertainty of measurement in their particular circumstance.

· Authors are from the Standards laboratories of AUSTRALIA, CANADA, ENGLAND, GERMANY and the USA.
· Latest techniques and practice of laboratory measurements to achieve the highest accuracy in the use of sources or detectors.
· Unique illustrations of the apparatus and measurement techniques.
· Practical measurement examples of calibration with full uncertainty analysis.
· Comprehensive treatment of optical standards such as sources, detectors and radiometers.
· A complete chapter on laser power measurements and standards for fiber optic measurements
· A complete chapter on correlations in radiometry and practical examples.
· A chapter devoted to diffraction effects in radiometry

This book deals with the practice of Optical Radiation Measurements with introductory material to introduce the topics discussed. It will be most useful for students, scientists and engineers working in any academic, industrial or governmental projects related to optical radiation. The book contains chapters that treat in detail the procedures and techniques for the characterization of both sources and detectors to the highest degree of accuracy and reliability. It has a chapter devoted specifically to optical measurements of laser sources and fiberoptics for communication and a chapter devoted to uncertainty in measurement and its treatment with real examples of optical measurements. The book contains introductory materials that will allow a newcomer to radiometry to develop the expertise to perform exacting and accurate measurement. The authors stress the various causes of uncertainty in each phase of a measurement and thus allow for users to arrive at a correct assessment of their uncertainty of measurement in their particular circumstance.

· Authors are from the Standards laboratories of AUSTRALIA, CANADA, ENGLAND, GERMANY and the USA.
· Latest techniques and practice of laboratory measurements to achieve the highest accuracy in the use of sources or detectors.
· Unique illustrations of the apparatus and measurement techniques.
· Practical measurement examples of calibration with full uncertainty analysis.
· Comprehensive treatment of optical standards such as sources, detectors and radiometers.
· A complete chapter on laser power measurements and standards for fiber optic measurements
· A complete chapter on correlations in radiometry and practical examples.
· A chapter devoted to diffraction effects in radiometry
Contributors xi
Volumes in Series xiii
Preface xvii
Introduction to Optical Radiometry
Raju U. Datla
Albert C. Parr
Background
1(2)
Basics of Radiometry and Important Milestones
3(4)
Radiometric Terminology
7(10)
Radiometric Measurements
17(6)
Radiometric Calibration and Uncertainties
23(12)
References
32(3)
Absolute Radiometers
Nigel P. Fox
Joseph P. Rice
Introduction
35(2)
Predictable Quantum Efficiency Detectors
37(5)
Absolute Thermal Detectors
42(22)
Applications of Cryogenic Radiometers
64(16)
Confirmation of Accuracy
80(2)
New/Complimentary Technologies
82(15)
References
92(5)
Realization of Spectral Responsivity Scales
L. P. Boivin
Introduction
97(1)
Realization of Spectral Responsivity Scales
98(49)
Dissemination of Spectral Responsivity Scales
147(8)
References
148(7)
Transfer Standard Filter Radiometers: Applications to Fundamental Scales
George P. Eppeldauer
Steven W. Brown
Keith R. Lykke
Introduction
155(4)
Common Design Considerations for Filter Radiometers
159(11)
Design Considerations of Irradiance Meters
170(18)
Design Consideration of Radiance Meters
188(4)
Calibration
192(14)
Conclusions
206(7)
References
207(6)
Primary Sources for Use in Radiometry
Jorg Hollandt
Joachim Seidel
Roman Klein
Gerhard Ulm
Alan Migdall
Michael Ware
Introduction
213(1)
Thermal Sources
214(31)
Synchrotron Radiation Sources
245(18)
Parametric Down-Conversion-Based Sources
263(28)
References
271(20)
Uncertainty Estimates in Radiometry
J. L. Gardner
Introduction
291(1)
Propagation of Uncertainty
292(9)
Uncertainty in a Single Quantity
301(5)
Uncertainty Across a Spectrum of Quantities
306(9)
Examples of Spectral Combinations
315(5)
Type A and B Uncertainties in Radiometry
320(2)
Expression of Uncertainty
322(1)
Bayesian Concepts
323(4)
References
324(3)
Photometry
Yoshi Ohno
Introduction
327(1)
Basis of Physical Photometry
328(2)
Quantities and Units in Photometry
330(1)
Luminous Intensity Standards and Measurements
331(9)
Luminous Flux Standards and Measurements
340(8)
Detector-Based Methods for Other Photometric Quantities
348(4)
Color Temperature Standards and Measurements
352(4)
International Intercomparisons of Photometric Units
356(3)
Future Prospects in Photometry
359(8)
References
362(5)
Laser Radiometry
Gordon W. Day
Properties of Laser Radiation
367(4)
Primary Standards
371(9)
Transfer Standards
380(6)
Comparison Methods and Linearity Issues
386(2)
Choices in Traceability
388(1)
Optical Fiber Power Meters
389(2)
Laser Beam Characteristics
391(3)
Waveform Measurements
394(6)
Summary
400(9)
References
401(8)
Diffraction Effects in Radiometry
Eric L. Shirley
Introduction and Definitions
409(2)
Theories of Diffraction
411(8)
Practical Diffraction Calculations
419(7)
The SAD Problem
426(8)
Impacts of Diffraction Effects on Radiometry
434(13)
Radiometry of Novel Sources
447(6)
References
448(5)
The Calibration and Characterization of Earth Remote Sensing and Environmental Monitoring Instruments
James J. Butler
B. Carol Johnson
Robert A. Barnes
Introduction
453(12)
The Role of Pre-Launch Calibration and Characterization
465(16)
The Measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI)
481(5)
Spectral Solar Irradiance (SSI)
486(2)
Transferring Pre-Launch Calibration and Characterization to On-Orbit Operation
488(1)
The Role of Post-Launch Calibration and Characterization
489(16)
Cross-Calibration of Earth Remote-Sensing Instruments
505(2)
Continuing Issues and New Developments in Earth Remote Sensing
507(28)
References
511(24)
Appendix A. Example: Calibration of a Cryogenic Blackbody
Raju U. Datla
Eric L. Shirley
Albert C. Parr
Introduction
535(1)
Calibration of a Cryogenic Point-Source Blackbody
535(12)
References
546(1)
Appendix B. Uncertainty Example: Spectral Irradiance Transfer with Absolute Calibration by Reference to Illuminance
J. L. Gardner
Introduction
547(3)
Reference Lamp Uncertainties and Correlations
550(2)
Transfer Uncertainties
552(3)
Totals
555(4)
Index 559
Dr. Parr received an MS and PhD (1970) from the University of Chicago and was involved in research in synchrotron radiation research and development, spectroscopy, and ion chemistry at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). He joined the Optical Technology Division in 1986 and was active in developing new calibration and measurement strategies based upon the high accuracy cryogenic radiometer. This includes redefinition of the U.S. National SI units of the candela and lumen based upon measurements directly traceable to the cryogenic radiometer. Dr. Parr retired as Chief of the Optical Technology Division in 2007 and continues to consult on radiometric matters related to remote sensing in addition to editor work on the Elsevier series, Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences. Dr. Parr has published extensively on his research and has over 100 articles in the scientific literature.