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Chapter 1 Optical Technology until the Year 2000: An Historical Overview |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 Early History (up to about 1985) |
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3 | (3) |
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4 Optical Sensors for Gases (Including Dissolved Gases) and Organics |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (2) |
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6 Optical Sensors for Ions |
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11 | (4) |
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7 Enzyme-Based Biosensors |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (3) |
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10 Optical Sensing Schemes |
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20 | (3) |
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11 Materials for Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors |
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23 | (3) |
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12 Imaging and Pressure-Sensitive Paints |
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26 | (2) |
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13 Commercial Instrumentation Using Opt(r)odes |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (5) |
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Chapter 2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Optical Sensing Devices |
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35 | (1) |
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2 Molecular Imprinting Process |
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36 | (3) |
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2.1 Covalent Molecular Imprinting |
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37 | (1) |
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2.2 Self-assembly Molecular Imprinting |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (4) |
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39 | (1) |
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3.2 Type of Monomer and Crosslinker |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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4 MIP Optical Sensing Applications |
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43 | (5) |
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4.1 Optical Sensing Approaches for Metals of Environmental Concern |
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43 | (1) |
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4.1.1 Imprinted Metal Ion Sensors Based on Polymerizable Metal Chelates (Covalent Imprinting) |
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43 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Optical Sensors Based on Non-covalent Imprinting of Fluorescent Metal Chelates |
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44 | (1) |
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4.2 Optical Sensing Approaches for Environmental Harmful Compounds |
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45 | (3) |
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4.3 MIP Optical Sensing Materials for Organic Volatile Compounds |
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48 | (1) |
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5 Conclusions and Outlook |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Reactands: New Indicator Dyes for Monitoring Amines, Alcohols and Aldehydes |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (6) |
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2.1 Trifluoroacetylazobenzene Dyes |
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53 | (4) |
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2.2 Trifluoroacetylazobenzene Copolymers |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (3) |
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3.1 Trifluoroacetylstilbenes |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (2) |
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4.1 Perylene Tetracarboxylbisimides |
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62 | (2) |
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5 Conclusions and Outlook |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Design, Quality Control and Normalization of Biosensor Chips |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (6) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (3) |
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3.3 Slides and Immobilization |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (3) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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6 Data Collection and Analysis |
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82 | (4) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 Rapid, Multiplex Optical Biodetection for Point-of-Care Applications |
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1 Need for Advanced Biodetection |
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93 | (1) |
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2 Fundamental Principles of Biodetection |
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94 | (3) |
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3 Development of Optical Methods for Biodetection |
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97 | (7) |
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3.1 Sandwich Immunoassays - ELISA |
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97 | (1) |
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3.2 Lateral Flow Assays - "Strip" Tests |
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98 | (1) |
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3.3 Fixed Microarrays - DNA Gene Chip |
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99 | (2) |
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3.4 Liquid Microarrays - Luminex Flow System |
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101 | (3) |
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4 Multiplex Immunoassay Diagnostic System (MIDS) |
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104 | (14) |
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4.1 Disposable Sample Collection Unit |
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105 | (4) |
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4.2 CCD-based Optical Hardware |
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109 | (3) |
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4.3 Digital Image Analysis Software |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (5) |
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117 | (1) |
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5 Conclusions and Future Directions |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Multi-functional Biochip for Medical Diagnostics and Pathogen Detection |
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Dimitra N. Stratis-Cullum |
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121 | (1) |
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2 The Multi-functional Biochip |
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121 | (4) |
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2.1 Integrated Circuit Development of the Biochip |
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123 | (2) |
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3 Experimental Systems and Procedures |
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125 | (7) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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3.1.2 The Biofluidics System |
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126 | (1) |
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3.2 Preparation of DNA Probes |
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127 | (1) |
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3.3 Protocol for DNA Studies |
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127 | (2) |
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3.4 Protocol for Antibody Studies |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Assay for FHIT Protein |
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130 | (1) |
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3.5 Protocol for DNA/Antibody Combined Assay |
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131 | (1) |
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3.6 Protocol for ELISA-based Detection of B. globigii |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (9) |
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4.1 Fundamental Evaluations of the IC Biochip via Off-chip Bioassays |
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132 | (3) |
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4.2 Application of the ELISA Technique to Biochip-based Detection |
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135 | (1) |
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4.3 Evaluation of the Biofluidics-based Biochip System for On-chip Bioanalysis |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Assay for FHIT Protein |
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139 | (1) |
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4.4 Portable IC Biochip Prototype with Biofluidic System |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors for Food Safety |
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145 | (1) |
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2 Fundamentals of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensors |
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146 | (10) |
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2.1 Surface Plasmon-Polaritons and their Excitation by Light Waves |
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146 | (4) |
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2.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors |
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150 | (4) |
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2.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors |
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154 | (1) |
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2.4 Advantages and Drawbacks of SPR Biosensors |
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155 | (1) |
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3 Implementations of SPR Biosensors |
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156 | (10) |
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3.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance Platforms |
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156 | (1) |
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3.1.1 SPR Sensors Using Prism Couplers |
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156 | (2) |
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3.1.2 SPR Sensors Using Grating Couplers |
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158 | (1) |
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3.1.3 SPR Sensors Using Optical Waveguides |
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159 | (1) |
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3.2 Biomolecular Recognition Elements and their Immobilization |
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160 | (1) |
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3.3 Biomolecular Interactions |
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161 | (1) |
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3.4 Detection Formats used in SPR Biosensors |
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161 | (5) |
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4 SPR Biosensors for Detection of Food Safety-related Analytes |
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166 | (4) |
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4.1 SPR Biosensor-based Detection of Chemical Contaminants |
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166 | (1) |
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4.2 SPR Biosensor-based Detection of Toxins |
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167 | (1) |
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4.3 SPR Biosensor-based Detection of Microbial Pathogens |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 NIR Dyes for Ammonia and HCI Sensors |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (19) |
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2.1 Structure and Tests of NIR Ammonia Transducers |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (6) |
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181 | (9) |
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2.2 Structure and Tests of NIR pH Transducers |
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190 | (3) |
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3 Quantum-chemical Calculations and General Rules |
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193 | (2) |
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4 Influence of Matrix Quality on the Band Shape and Maximum Wavelength |
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195 | (1) |
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5 Fibre-optic Distributed Sensors |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (4) |
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Chapter 9 Piezo-Optical Dosimeters for Occupational and Environmental Monitoring |
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203 | (4) |
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2 Calibration and Evaluation of New Badges |
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207 | (2) |
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3 Badges for Formaldehyde Monitoring |
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209 | (2) |
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4 Badges for Glutaraldehyde Monitoring |
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211 | (4) |
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5 Badge for Monitoring Chlorine Dioxide |
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215 | (1) |
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6 Badge for Monitoring Ozone |
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216 | (1) |
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7 Badge for Monitoring Nitrogen Dioxide |
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217 | (1) |
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8 Badge for Monitoring Styrene |
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218 | (1) |
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9 Badge for Monitoring Ammonia |
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219 | (2) |
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10 Multi-analyte Badges and the Minimisation of Interference |
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221 | (1) |
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11 Fundamentals of the Piezo-optical Measurement |
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222 | (1) |
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12 Future Development Prospects |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Interferometric Biosensors for Environmental Pollution Detection |
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1 Background of Interferometer Biosensors |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (6) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (2) |
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3 Principle of Operation of Interferometric Sensors |
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235 | (2) |
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3.1 Technology of Fabrication |
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236 | (1) |
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4 Types of Interferometer Devices: State-of-the-Art |
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237 | (9) |
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4.1 Fabry-Perot Interferometer |
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237 | (1) |
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4.2 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (3) |
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243 | (3) |
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5 Surface Functionalization for Biosensing |
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246 | (1) |
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6 Environmental Applications |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 Fibre-optic Sensors for Humidity Monitoring |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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3 Measurement of Humidity |
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253 | (8) |
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3.1 Relative Humidity Monitoring |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Mechanical (Displacement) Hygrometers |
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254 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Electric Hygrometers |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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3.2.1 Chilled Mirror (Optical Condensation) Hygrometers |
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256 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Optical Absorption Hygrometers |
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256 | (1) |
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3.3 Measurement of Trace Moisture |
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256 | (1) |
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3.3.1 Mass Sensitive Devices (Gravimetric Method) |
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257 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Coulometric (Electrolytic) Method |
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257 | (1) |
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3.4 Miscellaneous Humidity Sensors |
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257 | (4) |
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4 Fibre-optic Humidity Sensors |
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261 | (16) |
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4.1 Fibre-optic Sensors Based on Absorption Measurements |
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261 | (7) |
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4.2 Fibre-optic Sensors Based on Luminescent Reagents |
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268 | (5) |
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4.3 Optical Sensors Based on Variations of the Refractive Index |
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273 | (2) |
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4.4 Fibre-optic Sensors Based on Changes in the Reflectivity of Thin Films |
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275 | (2) |
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5 Calibration of Humidity Sensors |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Optical Sensing of pH in Low Ionic Strength Waters |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (12) |
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295 | (2) |
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3.1 Immobilisation by the Mannich Reaction and Manufacture of Sensing Film |
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295 | (1) |
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3.2 Probe Head Design and Flow Cell Construction |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (2) |
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4.1 Choice of Wavelengths |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (5) |
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5.1 Variation of System Response between Films |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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5.3 Longevity of Sensing Films |
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301 | (1) |
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5.4 Effect of Ionic Strength |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (4) |
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Chapter 13 Environmental and Industrial Optosensing with Tailored Luminescent Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes |
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309 | (1) |
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2 Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes |
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310 | (16) |
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2.1 Light Absorption Features |
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312 | (2) |
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2.2 Luminescence Features |
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314 | (4) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (3) |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (2) |
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331 | (1) |
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6 Oxygen Sensing with Luminescent Ru(II) Polypyridyl Dyes |
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331 | (18) |
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333 | (1) |
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6.2 Luminescent Ru(II) Complexes as Oxygen Indicators |
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334 | (1) |
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6.3 Polymer Support and Indicator Design |
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334 | (5) |
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6.4 Luminescence Quenching Models in Heterogeneous Supports |
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339 | (4) |
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6.5 Instrumentation Used in Oxygen Sensing with Ru(II) Dyes |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (5) |
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7 Miscellaneous Sensors and Concluding Remarks |
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349 | (1) |
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List of Abbreviations and Symbols |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (7) |
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Chapter 14 TIFR Array Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring |
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1 Introduction to Biosensors |
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359 | (2) |
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1.1 Biosensors for Environmental Applications |
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360 | (1) |
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2 Technical Aspects of Optical Array Biosensors |
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361 | (14) |
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2.1 Optical Transduction Used in Array Biosensors |
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362 | (1) |
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2.1.1 Total Internal Reflection |
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362 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Interferometric Techniques |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (2) |
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367 | (1) |
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2.2 The Molecular Recognition Element |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (2) |
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2.2.2 DNA and mRNA Analysis |
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370 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Membrane Receptor-ligand Interactions |
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370 | (1) |
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2.3 Immobilization of the Biomolecule to the Transducer |
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371 | (2) |
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2.4 Creation of Low Density Biomolecular Arrays |
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373 | (2) |
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375 | (3) |
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4 Miniaturization and Automation of Array Biosensors |
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378 | (4) |
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382 | (3) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (5) |
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Chapter 15 Optical Techniques for Determination and Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide in Industrial and Environmental Samples |
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391 | (2) |
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2 Direct Spectrometric Measurements of Hydrogen Peroxide |
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393 | (5) |
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2.1 Hydrogen Peroxide in the Mid Infrared (Wavelength Range: 2.5-20 μm) |
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393 | (3) |
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2.2 Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Peroxide |
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396 | (1) |
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2.3 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Peroxide |
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397 | (1) |
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3 Indirect Spectrometric Measurements of Hydrogen Peroxide |
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398 | (8) |
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398 | (1) |
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3.2 Formation of a Dye by Oxidative Coupling Reaction |
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399 | (3) |
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3.3 Formation of a Dye by Oxidation of Leuco Dyes |
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402 | (2) |
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3.4 Formation of a Colored or Fluorescent Complex |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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3.7 Indirect Measurement by Quenching of Fluorescence by Molecular Oxygen |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (2) |
Subject Index |
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409 | |